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Lot American Airlines 11
Ilustracja
Lot AA11 z Bostonu do Nowego Jorku
Państwo

 Stany Zjednoczone

Miejsce

Wieża Północna World Trade Center

Data

11 września 2001

Ofiary śmiertelne

92 osoby

Ranni

0 osób

Statek powietrzny
Typ

Boeing 767

Użytkownik

American Airlines

Numer

N334AA

Start

Boston

Cel lotu

Los Angeles

Numer lotu

11

Liczba pasażerów

81 osób

Liczba załogi

11 osób

Położenie na mapie stanu Nowy Jork
Mapa konturowa stanu Nowy Jork, blisko dolnej krawiędzi po prawej znajduje się punkt z opisem „Miejsce katastrofy”
Położenie na mapie Stanów Zjednoczonych
Mapa konturowa Stanów Zjednoczonych, po prawej nieco u góry znajduje się punkt z opisem „Miejsce katastrofy”
Ziemia40°42′42″N 74°00′45″W/40,711667 -74,012500
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons
N324AA odlatujący z lotniska w Los Angeles

Lot 11 linii American Airlines (ang. American Airlines Flight 11) – lot pasażerski, który został uprowadzony przez pięciu członków al-Kaidy 11 września 2001 jako część zamachu z 11 września 2001. Terroryści celowo rozbili go o północną wieżę World Trade Center w Nowym Jorku, zabijając wszystkie 87 osób na pokładzie i samych siebie oraz nieznaną liczbę osób w strefie uderzeniowej budynku. Samolot, Boeing 767-223ER linii American Airlines wystartował planowo z lotniska w Bostonie do Los Angeles.

W ciągu piętnastu minut od rozpoczęcia lotu porywacze zranili co najmniej trzy osoby, zabili jedną, siłą włamali się do kokpitu i zastraszyli pilotów. Muhammad Ata, członek al-Kaidy i licencjonowany pilot, przejął kontrolę nad maszyną. Kontrolerzy ruchu zaniepokoili się, gdy załoga długo nie odpowiadała. Zorientowali się, że samolot został uprowadzony dopiero po przekazaniu przez Muhammada Atę pasażerom informacji o porwaniu, co zostało usłyszane przez kontrolerów. Tymczasem na pokładzie, stewardessy Amy Sweeney i Betty Ong skontaktyowały się z American Airlines i dostarczyły informacje nt. porywaczy oraz obrażeń odniesionych przez pasażerów i załogę.

Samolot rozbił się o północną wieżę World Trade Center o 08:46 czasu lokalnego. Zdarzenie widziało wielu przechodniów; istnieje kilka nagrań pokazujących moment uderzenia, z których najbardziej znane zostało nakręcone przez Julesa Naudeta i Pavla Hlavę. Przed potwierdzeniem uprowadzenia, agencje informacyjne w raportach dotyczących katastrofy spekulowały, że do zdarzenia doszło w wyniku wypadku. Uderzenie i następujący po nim pożar spowodowały zawalenie się północnej wieży, 102 minuty po zderzeniu, co skutkowało setkami kolejnych ofiar w wyniku zawalenia się wieży. W trakcie poszukiwań po stronie World Trade Center, pracownicy odnaleźli i zidentyfikowali tuziny szczątek ofiar Lotu 11, lecz wielu fragmentów ciała nie można było zidentyfikować.

Lot[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Lot 11 linii American Airlines tego dnia wykonywał samolot Boeing 767-223ER, wyprodukowany w 1987 roku, o numerze rejestracyjnym N334AA.[1] Pojemność samolotu wynosiła 158 pasażerów, ale 11 września lot zabrał ich tylko 81 oraz 11 członków załogi. To był lekki ładunek tj. 51 percent pojemności, lecz więcej niż średni współczynnik ładowności dla lotu 11 we wtorkowe poranki czyli 39 procent w miesiącach poprzedzających dzień katastrofy[2]. Jedenastoma członkami załogi byli kapitan John Ogonowski, pierwszy oficer Thomas McGuinness, i stewardowie/stewardesy Barbara Arestegui, Jeffrey Collman, Sara Low, Karen Martin, Kathleen Nicosia, Betty Ong, Jean Roger, Dianne Snyder i Amy Sweeney[3].

Żadna z 92 osób znajdujących się na pokładzie nie przeżyła katastrofy[4]. Wśród ofiar byli m.in. David Angell (twórca i producent wykonawczy serialu telewizyjnego Frasier), jego żona Lynn Angell, i aktorka Berry Berenson[5]. Twórca Family Guy Seth MacFarlane miał lecieć tym samolotem, lecz spóźnił się na lotnisko.[6] Aktor Mark Wahlberg również miał zaplanowany lot, ale odwołał go w ostatniej chwili.[7] Aktorka Leighanne Littrell, żona wokalisty Backstreet Boys Briana Littrella, miała również kupiła wcześniej bilety, ale tak samo jak Wahlberg, w ostatniej chwili zmieniła swoje plany.[8]

Boarding[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Atta (niebieska koszula) i Omari na Portland International Jetport, przekraczają bramki rankiem 9/11

Mohamed Atta, prowodyr ataków, i jego kolega porywacz, Abdulaziz al-Omari, dotarli na Portland International Jetport o godz. 05:41 czasu wschodnioamerykańskiego (Eastern Daylight Time) 11 września 2001. Weszli na pokład Colgan Air Flight 5930, którego odlot był zaplanowany na godzinę 06:00 z Portland, Maine i leciał do Bostonu. Obaj porywacze mieli wykupione bilety pierwszej klasy z lotem przesiadkowym do Los Angeles; Atta zgłosił się do odprawy z dwiema torbami, Omari z żadną.[2] Kiedy stawili się do odprawy Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS) wskazał Attę do dodatkowej kontroli bagażu, ale wszedł na pokład bez żadnych problemów.[9] Lot z Portland odbył się o czasie i dotarł do Bostonu o godz. 06:45. Trzech innych porywaczy, Waleed al-Shehri, Wail al-Shehri, and Satam al-Suqami, przybyło na Logan Airport o godz. 06:45, zostawiając swój wypożyczony samochód w zabudowanym parkingu lotniska. O godz. 06:52, Marwan al-Shehhi, pilot-porywacz z United Airlines Flight 175, zadzwonił z budki telefonicznej znajdującej się na Logan Airport na telefon komórkowy Atty.[2][10]

Ponieważ Atta i Omari nie otrzymali w Portland kart pokładowych na lot numer 11, musieli przejść ponowną odprawę w Bostonie[11]. Podczas przeprowadzonej w pośpiechu odprawy po locie z Portland, pracownicy lotniska nie umieścili bagażu Atty w samolocie[12][13]. Suqami, Wail al-Shehri, and Waleed al-Shehri also checked in for the flight in Boston. Wail al-Shehri and Suqami each checked one bag; Waleed al-Shehri did not check any bags.[2] CAPPS selected all three for a detailed luggage check.[14] As the CAPPS' screening was only for luggage, the three hijackers did not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security checkpoint.[15]

By 07:40, all five hijackers were aboard the flight, scheduled to depart at 07:45.[10][16] Mohamed Atta sat in business class seat 8D with Abdulaziz al-Omari in 8G and Suqami in 10B. Waleed al-Shehri and Wail al-Shehri sat in first class seats 2B and 2A.[14] At 07:46, one minute behind schedule, the aircraft received clearance to push back from Gate B32,[17] and was cleared to taxi to the runway at 07:50. The aircraft began its takeoff run from Logan International Airport at 07:59 from runway 4R.[18][19]

Hijacking[edytuj | edytuj kod]

"Okay, my name is Betty Ong. I'm [Flight Attendant] Number 3 on Flight 11. Our Number 1 got stabbed. Our purser is stabbed. Nobody knows who stabbed who and we can't even get up to business class right now because nobody can breathe. And we can't get to the cockpit, the door won't open."
Flight attendant Betty Ong to the American Airlines emergency line.[20]

The 9/11 Commission estimated that the hijacking began at 08:14, when the pilots stopped responding to requests from the Boston Air Route Traffic Control Center (Boston ARTCC).[10] It is believed that Waleed al-Shehri made the first move. At 08:13:29, as the aircraft was passing over central Massachusetts at 26 000 ft (7924,8 m), the pilots responded to a request from Boston ARTCC to make a 20-degree turn to the right. At 08:13:47, Boston ARTCC told the pilots to ascend to a cruising altitude of 35 000 ft (10 668 m) but received no response.[19] At 08:16, the aircraft leveled off at 29 000 ft (8839,2 m)[19] and shortly thereafter deviated from its scheduled path. Boston ARTCC made multiple attempts to talk to Flight 11 without reply,[10] and at 08:21, the flight stopped transmitting its Mode-C transponder signal.[19]

According to flight attendants Amy Sweeney and Betty Ong, who contacted American Airlines during the hijacking, the hijackers had stabbed flight attendants Karen Martin and Barbara Arestegui and slashed the throat of passenger Daniel Lewin.[21][22][23] Lewin, an American-Izraeli Internet entrepreneur, had served as an officer in the elite Sayeret Matkal special operations unit of the Israel Defense Forces.[24][25] Lewin was seated in 9B, and Suqami was directly behind him in 10B.[26] The 9/11 Commission suggested that Suqami may have stabbed and killed Lewin after he attempted to stop the hijacking.[10] Lewin was believed to be the first fatality in the 9/11 attacks.[25][27] During a four-minute call to the American Airlines operations center, Ong provided information about lack of communication with the cockpit, lack of access to the cockpit, and passenger injuries.[28] She provided the seat locations of the hijackers, which later helped investigators to determine their identities.[28]

Mohamed Atta at 08:23
Mohamed Atta's first announcement, heard by ATC at 08:23
Problem z odtwarzaniem tego pliku? Zobacz strony pomocy.

At 08:23:38, Atta tried to make an announcement to the passengers, but pressed the wrong button and sent the message to Boston ARTCC.[29] Air traffic controllers heard Atta announce, "We have some planes. Just stay quiet and you'll be O.K. We are returning to the airport." At 08:24:56, he announced "Nobody move. Everything will be okay. If you try to make any moves, you'll endanger yourself and the airplane. Just stay quiet."[19] As before, Atta thought he was speaking to only the passengers, but his voice was picked up and recorded by air traffic controllers. After the transmissions by Atta and the inability to contact the airliner, air traffic controllers at Boston ARTCC realized the flight had been hijacked.[30] At 08:26, the plane turned south.[19] At 08:32, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Command Center in Herndon, Virginia, notified FAA headquarters.[10]

Mohamed Atta at 08:33
Mohamed Atta's second announcement at 08:33
Problem z odtwarzaniem tego pliku? Zobacz strony pomocy.

At 08:33:59, Atta announced, "Nobody move, please. We are going back to the airport. Don't try to make any stupid moves."[19] At 08:37:08, the pilots of United Airlines Flight 175 verified Flight 11's location and heading to flight control.[31] Boston ARTCC bypassed standard protocols and directly contacted the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS) in Rome, New York.[10] NEADS called on two F-15 fighter jets at Otis Air Force Base in Mashpee, Massachusetts, to intercept. Officials at Otis spent a few minutes getting authorization for the fighters to take off.[10] Atta completed the final turn towards Manhattan at 08:43.[19] The order to dispatch the fighters at Otis was given at 08:46, and the F-15s took off at 08:53,[10][30] roughly seven minutes after American Airlines Flight 11 had already crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. Of the four hijacked aircraft on 9/11, the nine minutes of advance notification about the hijacking of Flight 11 was the most time that NORAD had to respond before the aircraft crashed into its target.[32]

Crash[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Szablon:Rquote At 08:46:30,[33] Mohamed Atta intentionally crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower (Tower 1) of the World Trade Center.[19] The aircraft, traveling at about 404 wezłów (Błąd: Zła jednostka docelowa. Zobacz konwertowane jednostki.) and carrying about 10 000 U.S.gal (Błąd: Zła jednostka konwertowana. Zobacz konwertowane jednostki.) of jet fuel, hit between the 93rd and 99th floors of the North Tower.[34]

Witnesses saw the plane flying at low altitude over Manhattan and thought the aircraft was in distress. Lieutenant William Walsh of the FDNY (who appears in the documentary film 9/11) witnessed the aircraft: "We were under the impression – he looked like he was going down, but we didn't hear any mechanical difficulty. We couldn't figure out why an American Airlines plane would be so low in downtown Manhattan. We sort of expected him to veer off and go into the Hudson. But he just rose a little bit, his altitude, leveled off, and he was headed straight for the Trade Center. So just before he got to the Trade Center, it seemed as though he gained power. We were just watching this airplane on target for the World Trade Center. All of a sudden, boom! He disappears into the Trade Center."[35]

The damage caused to the North Tower destroyed any means of escape at the impact zone or above it. All stairwells and elevators from the 92nd floor up were rendered impassable,[36] trapping 1,344 people.[36] According to the Commission Report, hundreds were killed instantly by the impact; the rest were trapped and died from the subsequent fire and smoke, the eventual collapse, or (in some cases) after jumping or falling from the building.[37] Elevator shafts channeled burning jet fuel through the building.[38] At least one elevator shaft carried burning fuel downward, exploding on the 77th floor, the 22nd floor, and at street level on the West Side Lobby.[39]

photograph of aircraft landing gear found amid debris.
Landing gear from Flight 11 found at West and Rector streets[40]

Jules Naudet, a French cameraman, and Pavel Hlava, a Czech immigrant, videotaped the crash.[41][42] A webcam set up by Wolfgang Staehle at an art exhibit in Brooklyn to take images of Lower Manhattan every four seconds also captured images of Flight 11 crashing into the North Tower.[43] A WNYW newscamera left rolling on the ground also captured audio of the crash and video of the immediate aftermath.

News organizations at first reported an explosion or incident at the World Trade Center. CNN broke into a commercial at 08:49 with the headline that read "World Trade Center Disaster". Carol Lin, who was the first anchor to break the news of the attacks, said:

Yeah. This just in. You are looking at obviously a very disturbing live shot there. That is the World Trade Center, and we have unconfirmed reports this morning that a plane has crashed into one of the towers of the World Trade Center. CNN Center right now is just beginning to work on this story, obviously calling our sources and trying to figure out exactly what happened, but clearly something relatively devastating happening this morning there on the south end of the island of Manhattan. That is once again, a picture of one of the towers of the World Trade Center.[44]

Later, in an on-air phone call from his office at the CNN New York bureau, CNN vice-president of finance Sean Murtagh reported that a large passenger commercial jet had hit the World Trade Center.[44] Eventually, other television networks interrupted regular broadcasting with news of the crash. President George W. Bush was arriving at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida. Initial news reports speculated that the crash had been an accident until United Airlines Flight 175, another Los Angeles–bound Boeing 767, crashed into the South Tower at about 09:03.

Aftermath[edytuj | edytuj kod]

The names of Flight 11's crew are located on Panel N-74 of the National September 11 Memorial's North Pool. The passenger names are inscribed on that panel and four other adjacent ones.[45]

After the crash, the North Tower burned and collapsed 102 minutes after the impact at 10:28 A.M. Although the impact itself caused extensive structural damage, the long-lasting fire ignited by jet fuel was blamed for the structural failure of the tower.[46][47][48] In addition to the aircraft passengers and building occupants, hundreds of rescue workers also died when the tower collapsed.[49] Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on floors 101–105 of the World Trade Center One, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer.[50]

Rescue workers at the World Trade Center site began to discover body fragments from Flight 11 victims within days of the attack. Some workers found bodies strapped to airplane seats and discovered the body of a flight attendant with her hands bound, suggesting the hijackers might have used plastic handcuffs.[51][52] Within a year, medical examiners had identified the remains of 33 victims who had been on board Flight 11.[53] They identified two other Flight 11 victims, including the lead flight attendant Karen Martin, after body fragments were discovered near Ground Zero in 2006.[54][55] In April 2007, examiners using newer DNA technology identified another Flight 11 victim.[56] The remains of two hijackers, potentially from Flight 11, were also identified and removed from Memorial Park in Manhattan.[57] The remains of the other hijackers have not been identified and are buried with other unidentified remains at this park.[58]

Suqami's passport survived the crash and landed in the street below. Soaked in jet fuel, it was picked up by a passerby who gave it to a New York City Police Department (NYPD) detective shortly before the South Tower collapsed.[59][60] Investigators retrieved Mohamed Atta's luggage, which had not been loaded onto the flight. In it they found Omari's passport and driver's license, a videocassette for a Boeing 757 flight simulator, a folding knife, and pepper spray.[13] In a recording, a few months later in Afghanistan, Al Qaeda's leader, Osama bin Laden, took responsibility for the attack. The attack on the World Trade Center exceeded even bin Laden's expectations: he had expected only the floors above the plane strikes to collapse.[61] The flight recorders for Flight 11 and Flight 175 were never found.[62]

After the attacks, the flight number for flights on the same route with the same takeoff time was changed to American Airlines Flight 25. These flights now use a Boeing 737 instead of a Boeing 767. An American flag is flown on the jet bridge of gate B32 from which Flight 11 departed Logan Airport.[63]

On April 26, 2013, a piece of machinery from a Boeing was discovered wedged between two buildings at Park Place, near where other landing gear parts were found.[64]

At the National September 11 Memorial, the names of the 87 victims of Flight 11 are inscribed on the North Pool, on Panels N-1 and N-2, and Panels N-74 – N-76.[65]

See also[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Szablon:Portal box

Przypisy[edytuj | edytuj kod]

  1. ↑ Brief of Accident. National Transportation Safety Board, March 7, 2006. [dostęp May 5, 2007].
  2. ↑ a b c d Staff Report – "We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights — a Chronology. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. [dostęp May 25, 2008].
  3. ↑ American Airlines Flight 11. CNN, 2001. [dostęp May 22, 2008].
  4. ↑ Marisa Lagos, Walsh, Diana: S.F. firefighters, others honor peers who died on 9/11. [w:] San Francisco Chronicle [on-line]. September 11, 2006. [dostęp May 23, 2008].
  5. ↑ American Airlines Flight 11 – Victims. CNN. [dostęp June 6, 2008].
  6. ↑ Bernard Weinraub: The Young Guy Of 'Family Guy'; A 30-Year-Old's Cartoon Hit Makes An Unexpected Comeback. The New York TImes, July 7, 2004. [dostęp October 4, 2011].
  7. ↑ Mark Wahlberg sorry for saying he would have thwarted 9/11 terrorists | Fox News
  8. ↑ Rich Copley: Backstreet Boy feels victims' families' pain | Flight 5191: Stories from Sept. 2-21, 2006. Kentucky.com. [dostęp 2013-07-03].
  9. ↑ Extract: 'We have some planes'. BBC News, July 23, 2004. [dostęp May 22, 2008].
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i 'We Have Some Planes'. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, July 2004. [dostęp May 25, 2008].
  11. ↑ Kehaulani Goo, Sara: Papers Offer New Clues On 9/11 Hijackers' Travel. [w:] The Washington Post [on-line]. February 13, 2005. [dostęp May 22, 2008].
  12. ↑ Dorman, Michael: Unraveling 9–11 was in the bags. [w:] Newsday [on-line]. April 17, 2006. Szablon:Subscription required
  13. ↑ a b Excerpts From Statement by Sept. 11 Commission Staff. [w:] The New York Times [on-line]. June 17, 2004. [dostęp May 24, 2008].
  14. ↑ a b Investigating 9–11 – The doomed flights. [w:] San Francisco Chronicle [on-line]. July 23, 2004. [dostęp May 22, 2008].
  15. ↑ The Aviation Security System and the 9/11 Attacks – Staff Statement No. 3. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. [dostęp May 25, 2008].
  16. ↑ 9/11 Investigation (PENTTBOM). [w:] Federal Bureau of Investigation [on-line]. United States Department of Justice, September 2001. [dostęp May 22, 2008].
  17. ↑ "Transcripts of Flight 11 and Flight 175" The New York Times, October 16, 2001, Retrieved December 3, 2009.
  18. ↑ Glen Johnson: Probe reconstructs horror, calculated attacks on planes. [w:] The Boston Globe [on-line]. November 23, 2001.
  19. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11. National Transportation Safety Board, February 19, 2002. [dostęp May 25, 2008].
  20. ↑ Transcript. [w:] Bill Moyers Journal [on-line]. Public Broadcasting Service, September 14, 2007. [dostęp May 24, 2008].
  21. ↑ Excerpt: A travel day like any other until some passengers left their seats. [w:] The Seattle Times [on-line]. July 23, 2004. [dostęp May 23, 2008].
  22. ↑ Inside the failed Air Force scramble to prevent the Sept. 11 attacks. MSNBC, June 28, 2004. [dostęp May 23, 2008].
  23. ↑ Scott Woolley: Video Prophet. [w:] Forbes [on-line]. April 23, 2007. [dostęp May 23, 2008].
  24. ↑ Hersch, Seymour M. (Oct. 29, 2001). "Watching the Warheads: The Risks to Pakistans Nuclear Arsenal", The New Yorker.
  25. ↑ a b Richard Sisk, El-Faizy, Monique: First Victim Died A Hero On Flt. 11 Ex-Israeli commando tried to halt unfolding hijacking. [w:] Daily News [on-line]. July 24, 2004. [dostęp May 23, 2008]. [martwy link]
  26. ↑ Błąd w składni szablonu {{Cytuj stronę}}. Brak podanego adresu cytowanej strony (parametr url=|).
  27. ↑ Ron Jager, Danny Lewin: The First Victim Of 9/11, 5TJT, September 8, 2011
  28. ↑ a b Laura Sullivan: 9/11 victim calmly describes hijack on haunting tape. [w:] The Baltimore Sun [on-line]. January 28, 2004. [dostęp May 22, 2008].
  29. ↑ United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia: USA v. Zacarias Moussaoui – Trial Testimony by David Raskin. United States Department of Justice, March 7, 2006. [dostęp May 22, 2008].
  30. ↑ a b 9/11 recordings chronicle confusion, delay. CNN, June 17, 2004. [dostęp May 24, 2008].
  31. ↑ Michael Ellison: 'We have planes. Stay quiet' – Then silence. [w:] The Guardian [on-line]. October 17, 2001. [dostęp May 26, 2008].
  32. ↑ NEADS/NORAD (the military) was notified about Flight 11 at 8:37 a.m., nine minutes before the crash. This nine minutes was the amount of time available to them to respond to the situation. They were notified about United Airlines Flight 175 at 9:03 a.m., the same time it crashed into the South Tower. They were notified about American Airlines Flight 77 four minutes before it crashed into the Pentagon. The military was notified about United Airlines Flight 93 at 10:07 a.m. (four minutes after it crashed in Pennsylvania). The nine minutes with Flight 11 was the most time they had to do something in response. Source: The Story in the Sky. W: Kean, Thomas H.; Hamilton, Lee H.: Without Precedent. Alfred A. Knopf, s. 263. ISBN 0-307-26377-0.
  33. ↑ McAllister, T. P.; Gann, R. G.; Averill, J. D.; Gross, J. L.; Grosshandler, W. L.; Lawson, J. R.; McGrattan, K. B.; Pitts, W. M.; Prasad, K. R.; Sadek, F. H.; Nelson, H. E.: Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of World Trade Center Building 7 (Volume 1). Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (NIST NCSTAR 1–9). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), August 2008, s. 1–8. [dostęp September 9, 2011].
  34. ↑ NIST NCSTAR1-5: Reconstruction of the Fires in the World Trade Center Towers. National Institute of Standards and Technology, October 2005. [dostęp May 25, 2008].
  35. ↑ World Trade Center Task Force Interview – Lieutenant William Walsh. [w:] The New York Times [on-line]. January 11, 2002. [dostęp May 28, 2008].
  36. ↑ a b Jim Dwyer, Lipton, Eric et al.: 102 Minutes: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die. [w:] The New York Times [on-line]. May 26, 2002. [dostęp May 23, 2008].
  37. ↑ Heroism and Horror. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, 2004. [dostęp August 18, 2007].
  38. ↑ Dennis Cauchon: Elevators were disaster within disaster. [w:] USA Today [on-line]. September 4, 2002. [dostęp May 23, 2008].
  39. ↑ Zero Hour.
  40. ↑ Ronald Hamburger, Baker, William. World Trade Center Building Performance Study. „FEMA”. 403, s. 19, May 2002. New York, New York: Federal Emergency Management Agency. [dostęp May 24, 2008]. 
  41. ↑ Bill Carter: CBS to Broadcast Videotape Shot Inside Towers During Trade Center Attack. [w:] The New York Times [on-line]. February 6, 2002. [dostęp May 23, 2008].
  42. ↑ James Glanz: A Rare View of 9/11, Overlooked. [w:] The New York Times [on-line]. September 7, 2003. [dostęp May 23, 2008].
  43. ↑ Staehle, Wolfgang: Rare Scenes from 9/11. [w:] Vanity Fair [on-line]. [dostęp June 12, 2007].
  44. ↑ a b CNN Breaking News Terrorist Attack on United States. CNN, September 11, 2001. [dostęp May 23, 2008].
  45. ↑ North Pool: Panel N-74 – John A. Ogonowski. National September 11 Memorial & Museum. [dostęp December 11, 2011].
  46. ↑ Executive Summary. W: National Construction Safety Team: Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers. United States Department of Commerce, September 2005. [dostęp May 21, 2008].
  47. ↑ Bill Miller: Report Assesses Trade Center's Collapse. [w:] The Washington Post [on-line]. May 1, 2002. [dostęp June 12, 2008].
  48. ↑ Timothy Williams: Report on Trade Center Collapses Emphasizes Damage to Fireproofing. [w:] The New York Times [on-line]. April 5, 2005. [dostęp June 12, 2008].
  49. ↑ Police back on day-to-day beat after 9/11 nightmare. CNN, July 21, 2002. [dostęp May 23, 2008].
  50. ↑ Cantor rebuilds after 9/11 losses. BBC, September 4, 2006. [dostęp May 20, 2008].
  51. ↑ Susan Sachs: After the Attacks: The Trade Center; Heart-Rending Discoveries as Digging Continues in Lower Manhattan. [w:] The New York Times [on-line]. September 15, 2001. [dostęp May 24, 2008].
  52. ↑ Gardiner, Sean, Rayman, Graham: Hijackers May Have Used Handcuffs. [w:] AM New York [on-line]. September 15, 2001. [dostęp May 24, 2008].
  53. ↑ Patrice O'Shaughnessy: More Than Half Of Victims Id'd. [w:] Daily News [on-line]. September 11, 2002. [dostęp May 24, 2008]. [martwy link]
  54. ↑ Bill Brubaker: Remains of Three 9/11 Victims Identified. [w:] The Washington Post [on-line]. November 2, 2006. [dostęp May 24, 2008].
  55. ↑ John Holusha: 3 Trade Center Victims Identified by DNA. [w:] The New York Times [on-line]. November 2, 2006. [dostęp May 24, 2008].
  56. ↑ Stephanie Gaskell: 9/11 Plane Passenger Id'd. [w:] New York Post [on-line]. April 11, 2007. [dostęp September 12, 2011].
  57. ↑ Tina Kelley: Officials Identify Remains of Two Hijackers Through DNA. [w:] The New York Times [on-line]. March 1, 2003. [dostęp May 24, 2008].
  58. ↑ Leo Standora: ID Remains OF 2 WTC Hijackers. [w:] Daily News [on-line]. March 1, 2003. [dostęp May 24, 2008]. [martwy link]
  59. ↑ Chronology. W: Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, s. 40. [dostęp May 25, 2008].
  60. ↑ Hijackers Timeline. Federal Bureau of Investigation / 911myths.com. [dostęp May 26, 2008].
  61. ↑ Transcript of Bin Laden videotape. National Public Radio, December 13, 2001. [dostęp May 24, 2008].
  62. ↑ 9-11 Commission Report – Notes. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 2004. [dostęp May 24, 2008].
  63. ↑ Logan Airport bears memory of its fateful role with silence. [w:] The Boston Globe [on-line]. September 12, 2002. [dostęp April 18, 2007].
  64. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/27/nyregion/airplane-debris-found-near-world-trade-center-site.html?_r=0
  65. ↑ About: The Memorial Names Layout. Memorial Guide: National 9/11 Memorial. Retrieved December 11, 2011.

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[[Kategoria:2001 fires]] [[Kategoria:2001 in New York]] [[Kategoria:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 767]] [[Kategoria:Airliner accidents and incidents in New York]] [[Kategoria:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by hijacking]] [[Kategoria:American Airlines accidents and incidents|11]] [[Kategoria:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 2001]] [[Kategoria:Airliner accidents and incidents involving deliberate crashes]] [[Kategoria:Disasters in New York City]] [[Kategoria:Logan International Airport]] [[Kategoria:Filmed deaths]] [[Kategoria:Islamist terrorism in the United States]] [[Kategoria:September 11 attacks]] [[Kategoria:Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2001]] [[Kategoria:World Trade Center]] [[Kategoria:Aircraft hijackings in the United States]] {{Link FA|simple}} {{Link GA|ar}} {{Link GA|es}}

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