Wikipedysta:Nemochin/Jap: Różnice pomiędzy wersjami
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Ja |
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|Kore wa omoi '''zo'''.<br />これは重い'''ぞ'''。 |
|Kore wa omoi '''zo'''.<br />これは重い'''ぞ'''。 |
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|[Mówię ci,] to jest ciężkie. |
|[Mówię ci,] to jest ciężkie. |
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=Ja= |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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![[Romaji]] |
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![[Hiragana]] |
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![[Kanji]] |
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!Level of speech |
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!Gender |
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!Notes |
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! colspan=6 | <br />- Me - <!-- wasn't instantly obvious what - I - meant, I thought it was some table-code accidentally displayed, hence making it clearer with - Me - --> |
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|- |
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|watashi |
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|わたし |
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|私 |
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|formal |
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|both |
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| わて ''wate'' in the [[Kansai dialect]]. |
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|- |
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|watakushi |
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|わたくし |
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|私 |
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|very formal |
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|both |
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|The most formal polite version.<ref name="japan ref">[http://www.jref.com/language/japanese_personal_pronouns.shtml Personal pronouns in Japanese] ''Japan Reference''. Retrieved on [[October 21]], [[2007]]</ref> |
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|ware |
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|われ |
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|我 |
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|very formal |
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|both |
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|waga |
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|わが |
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|我が |
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|very formal |
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|both |
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|Means "my" or "our". Used in speeches and formalities; 我が社 ''wagasha'' (our company) or 我が国 ''wagakuni'' (our country). |
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|- |
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|ore |
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|おれ |
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|俺 |
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|informal |
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|males, rarely females (boyish) |
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|Meaning ''"I"''. Frequently used by men.<ref name= "pronouns"/> It can be seen as rude depending on the situation. Establishes a sense of masculinity. Used with peers or those younger or of lesser status, indicating one's own status. Among close friends or family, its usage is a sign of familiarity rather than masculinity or superiority. |
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|- |
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|boku |
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|ぼく |
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|僕 |
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|informal |
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|males and rarely females (boyish)<ref name="japan ref"/><ref>[http://www.inst.at/trans/16Nr/01_4/ito16.htm TRANS Nr. 16: Rika Ito (St. Olaf College, MN USA): BOKU or WATASHI: Variation in self-reference terms among Japanese children<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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|Also meaning ''"I"''. Used in giving a sense of casual deference, uses the same kanji for servant ([http://kanjidict.com/demo/50d5.html 僕]''shimobe''), especially a male one, from a [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Sino-Japanese word]]. Can also be used towards children, (English equivalent - "kid" or "squirt") |
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|- |
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|washi |
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|わし |
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|儂 |
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|<!--not sure if informal--> |
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|old males |
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|Colloquial. Often used in fictitious creations to stereotypically represent old male characters. |
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|- |
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|atai |
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|あたい |
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|私 |
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|very informal |
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|females |
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|Slang version of あたし ''atashi''.<ref name="japan ref"/> |
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|atashi |
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|あたし |
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| |
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|informal |
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|females |
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|Often considered cute.<ref name="japan ref"/> Rarely used in written language, but common in conversation, especially among younger women. |
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|atakushi |
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|あたくし |
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| |
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|formal |
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|females |
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| |
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|- |
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|uchi |
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|うち |
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|家 |
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|informal |
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|mostly young girls |
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|Means one's own. Often used in the [[Kansai]] and [[Kyūshū]] dialects. Uses the same kanji for house ([http://kanjidict.com/demo/5bb6.html 家] ''uchi''). |
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|- |
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|(own name) |
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| |
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| |
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|informal |
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|both |
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|Used by small children, considered cute. |
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|- |
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|oira |
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|おいら |
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| |
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|informal |
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|both |
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|Similar to 俺, but more casual. May give off sense of more country bumpkin. |
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|- |
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|ora |
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|おら |
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|both |
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|Dialect in Kanto and further north. Gives off sense of country bumpkin. Used among children influenced by main characters in [[Dragon Ball]] and [[Crayon Shin-chan]]. |
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! colspan=6 | <br>- you ([[Grammatical number|singular]]) - |
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|(name and [[Japanese titles|honorific]]) |
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| |
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| |
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|formality depends on the honorific used |
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|both |
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|- |
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|anata |
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|あなた |
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|貴方, 貴男, 貴女 |
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|formal/informal |
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|both |
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|The kanji is rarely used. It is not used as much, since, when speaking to someone directly, the name of the addressee is better.<ref name="Japanese 30"> |
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{{cite book |
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| last = Akiyama |
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| first = Carol |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = Nobuo Akiyama |
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| title = Japanese |
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| accessdate = 2007-10-22 |
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| edition = Second |
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| series = |
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| date = |
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| year = 2003 |
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| month = |
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| publisher = [[Barron's]] |
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| isbn = 9780764120619 |
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| chapter = |
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| page = 30 |
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}}</ref><ref name= "pronouns">[http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/ts/japanese/pronoun.html 8.1. Pronouns] ''sf.airnet.ne.jp'' Retrieved on [[October 21]], [[2007]]</ref> Commonly used by women to address their husband or lover, in a way roughly equivalent to the English "dear". |
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<!--|kijo |
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|きじょ |
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|貴女 |
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|formal |
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|females |
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|The kanji is rarely used. Also used by women to refer to their husbands, roughly equivalent to 'dear' or 'honey'. |
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|--> |
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|anta |
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|あんた |
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|informal |
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|both |
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|Version of あなた ''anata''.<ref name="japan ref"/> Similar to omae. Often expresses anger or contempt towards a person. Generally seen as rude or uneducated. Used by old men who also use washi instead of watashi. |
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|- |
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|otaku |
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|おたく |
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|お宅, 御宅 |
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|formal, polite |
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|both |
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|Polite form of saying "your house", also used as a pronoun to address a person with slight sense of distance. Otaku/Otakku/Otaki/Otakki turned into a slang referring to some type of [[Otaku|geek/obsessive hobbyist]], as they often addressed each other as Otaku. |
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|- |
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|omae |
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|おまえ |
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|お前 |
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|very informal |
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|both |
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|Used by men with more frequency,<ref name= "pronouns"/> but also used by women. Expresses contempt/anger, the speaker's higher status or age, or a very casual relationship among peers. Used with おれ ''ore''.<ref name= "pronouns"/> Should never be said to elders. |
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|- |
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|temee, temae |
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|てめえ,<br />てまえ |
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|手前 |
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|rude and confrontational<ref name="japan ref"/> |
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|mainly males |
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|Temee, a version of temae, is more rude. Used when the speaker is very angry. |
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|- |
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|kisama |
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|きさま |
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|貴様 |
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|extremely hostile and rude<ref name="japan ref"/> |
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|mainly males |
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|Historically very formal, but has developed in an ironic sense to show the speaker's extreme hostility / outrage towards the addressee. |
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|- |
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|kimi |
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|きみ |
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|君 |
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|informal |
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|both |
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|The kanji means lord (archaic). Generally used with 僕 ''boku''.<ref name= "pronouns"/> The same [[kanji]] is used to write [[Japanese titles#Common honorifics|''-kun'']][http://kanjidict.com/demo/541b.html]. It is informal to subordinates; can also be affectionate; formerly very polite. Sometimes rude or assuming when used with superiors, elders or strangers.<ref name= "pronouns"/> |
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|- |
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|kika |
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|きか |
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|貴下 |
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|informal, to a younger person |
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|both |
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|- |
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|on-sha |
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|おんしゃ |
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|御社 |
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|formal, used to the listener representing your company |
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|both |
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|- |
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|ki-sha |
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|きしゃ |
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|貴社 |
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|formal, similar to "onsha" |
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|both |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan=6 | <br>- he / she - |
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|- |
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|ano kata |
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|あのかた |
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|あの方 |
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|very formal |
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|both |
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|Sometimes pronounced ano hou, but with the same kanji. |
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|- |
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|ano hito |
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|あのひと |
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|あの人 |
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|formal/informal |
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|both |
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|Literally "that person". |
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|- |
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|yatsu |
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|やつ |
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|奴 |
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|informal |
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|both |
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|a thing (very informal), dude, guy. |
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|- |
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|koitsu |
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|こいつ |
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|此奴 |
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|very informal, implies contempt |
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|both |
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|Denotes a person or material nearby the speaker. Analogous to "this one". |
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|- |
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|soitsu |
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|そいつ |
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|其奴 |
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|very informal, implies contempt |
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|both |
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|Denotes a person or material nearby the listener. Analogous to "he/she", "it" or "this/that one". |
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|- |
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|aitsu |
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|あいつ |
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|彼奴 |
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|very informal, implies contempt |
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|both |
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|Denotes a person or (less frequently) material far from both the speaker and the listener. Analogous to "he/she" or "that one". |
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|- |
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! colspan=6 | <br>- he - |
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|- |
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|kare |
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|かれ |
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|彼 |
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|formal (neutral) and informal (boyfriend) |
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|both |
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|Can also mean boyfriend. Formerly 彼氏 ''kareshi'' was its equivalent but now always means boyfriend. |
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|- |
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! colspan=6 | <br>- she - |
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|- |
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|kanojo |
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|かのじょ |
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|彼女 |
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|formal (neutral) and informal (girlfriend) |
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|both |
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|Can also mean girlfriend.[http://kanjidict.com/demo/5f7c.html] |
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|- |
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! colspan=6 | <br>- we - |
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|- |
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|hei-sha |
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|へいしゃ |
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|弊社 |
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|formal and humble |
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|both |
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|Used when representing one's own company. From a [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Sino-Japanese word]] meaning "low company" or "humble company". |
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|- |
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|waga-sha |
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|わがしゃ |
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|我が社 |
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|formal, used when representing one's own company |
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|both |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan=6 | <br>- they - |
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|- |
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|kare-ra |
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|かれら |
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|彼等 |
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|common in spoken Japanese and writing |
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|both |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan=6 | <br>- notable others - |
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|- |
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|ware-ware |
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|われわれ |
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|我々 |
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|formal "we" sometimes "they" |
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|both |
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|Mostly used when speaking on behalf of a company or group. |
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|} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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![[Romaji]] |
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![[Hiragana]] |
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![[Kanji]] |
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!Meaning |
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!Level of speech |
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!Gender |
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!Notes |
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|- |
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! colspan=7 | <br>- Archaic pronouns - <!--UNSURE IF GENDER-SPECIFIC--> |
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|- |
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|asshi |
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|あっし |
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| |
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|I |
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| |
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|males |
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|From the feudal ages. |
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|- |
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|sessha |
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|せっしゃ |
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|拙者 |
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|I |
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| |
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|males |
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|Used by ninjas and samurais during the feudal ages. From a Sino-Japanese word meaning "one who is clumsy". |
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|- |
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|waga-hai |
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|わがはい |
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|我が輩,吾輩 |
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|I |
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| |
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|both |
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|Literally "my fellows; my class; my cohort", but used in a somewhat pompous manner as a first-person singular pronoun. |
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|- |
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|soregashi |
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|それがし |
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|某 |
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|I |
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| |
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|both |
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|Ancient form of "watakushi". |
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|- |
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|warawa |
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|わらわ |
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|妾 |
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|I |
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| |
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|both |
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|Ancient form of "watakushi". |
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|- |
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|yo |
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|よ |
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|余, 予 |
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|I |
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| |
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|males |
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|Archaic first-person singular pronoun. |
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|- |
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|chin |
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|ちん |
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|朕 |
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|I |
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| |
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|males <!-- Unsure if just males, some sites say used by royalty, others say only the emperor. --> |
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|Used only by the emperor, mostly before World War II. |
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|- |
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|onore |
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|おのれ |
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|己 |
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|I or you |
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| |
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|males |
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|The kanji literally means "snake". It is humble when used as a first person pronoun and hostile when used as a second person pronoun. |
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|- |
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|nanji |
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|なんじ |
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|汝, less commonly also 爾 |
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|you, often translated as "thou" |
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| |
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|both |
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|Spelled as なむち ''namuti'' in the most ancient texts and later as なんち ''nanti'' or なんぢ ''nandi''. |
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|- |
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|onushi |
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|おぬし |
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|御主 |
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| |
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| |
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|males |
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|Used by ninjas and samurais to talk to people of equal or lower rank. Literally means "master". |
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|- |
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|sonata |
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|そなた |
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|其方 (rarely used) |
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|thou |
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| |
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|both |
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|Originally a mesial deictic pronoun meaning "that side; that way; that direction"; used as a lightly respectful second person pronoun in medieval times, but now used when speaking to an inferior in a pompous and old-fashioned tone. |
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Wersja z 20:43, 9 lis 2009
Przyrostki
W języku japońskim przyrostków używa się do tworzenia pytań, podkreślania wypowiedzi, wyrażania emocji i uczuć oraz do innych zastosowań. Są z reguły jedno lub dwuznakowe. Przeważnie dodaje się je do zdań nie zmieniając szyku wyrazów oraz użytych czasów i konstrukcji.
Ka か
Tworzy ze zdania twierdzącego pytanie.
Nihon-jin desu ka. 日本人ですか。 |
Czy jesteś Japończykiem? |
Supeingo o hanashimasu ka. スペイン語を話しますか。 |
Mówisz po hiszpańsku? |
Kana かな / Kashira かしら
Oznacza przypuszczenie, niepewność. Kashira używane jedynie przez kobiety.
Tanaka-san wa ashita kuru kana. 田中さんは明日来るかな。 |
Przypuszczam, że pan Tanaka przyjedzie jutro. |
Ano hito wa dare kashira. あの人は誰かしら。 |
Zastanawiam się, kim jest ta osoba? |
Na な
Przyrostek ma dwa znaczenia, zależnie od osoby, która go używa i sytuacji.
1. Oznacza zakaz. Używane jedynie przez mężczyzn. Bardzo nieformalne.
Sonna koto o suru na! そんなことをするな! |
Nie rób takich rzeczy! |
2. Służy jako podkreślenie decyzji, sugestii, opinii.
Kyou wa shigoto ni ikitakunai na. 今日は仕事に行きたくないな。 |
Ale mi się nie chce iść dzisiaj do pracy. |
Sore wa machigatteiru to omou na. それは間違っていると思うな。 |
Myślę, że to pomyłka. |
Naa なあ
Wyraża uczucia lub pobożne życzenia.
Sugoi naa. すごいなあ。 |
Świetne! |
Mou sukoshi nete itai naa. もう少し寝ていたいなあ。 |
Chciałbym móc jeszcze trochę pospać. |
Ne ね/ Nee ねえ
Oznacza, że mówca oczekuje potwierdzenia ze strony słuchającego. Jest analogiczne z polskimi zakończeniami zdań "prawda?", "czyż nie?", "nie?" itp.
Ii tenki desu ne. いい天気ですね。 |
Piękna pogoda, prawda? |
Mou nakanaide ne. もう泣かないでね。 |
Nie płacz już, nie płacz. |
No の
1. Służy do wyjaśniania lub podkreślania. Używane wyłącznie przez kobiety i dzieci w nieformalnych sytuacjach.
Kore jibunde tsukutta no. これ自分で作ったの。 |
Sama to zrobiłam. |
Onaka ga itai no.おなかが痛いの。 | Boli mnie brzuch. |
2. Nieformalna wersja ~ no desu ka (~のですか). Zamienia zdanie w pytanie, tak samo jak ka.
Ashita konai no?明日来ないの? | Nie przyjdziesz jutro? |
Doushita no? どうしたの? |
Co się stało? |
Sa さ
Podkreśla wypowiedź. Używane głównie przez mężczyzn.
Sonna koto wa wakatteiru sa. そんなことは分かっているさ。 |
Wiem o takich rzeczach. |
Hajime kara umaku dekinai no wa atarimae sa. 始めからうまくできないのは当たり前さ。 |
To oczywiste, że robiąc coś pierwszy raz, nie zrobisz tego dobrze. |
Wa わ
Używane wyłącznie przez kobiety. Jednocześnie podkreśla wypowiedź i ją łagodzi.
Watashi ga suru wa. わたしがするわ。 |
Zrobię to. |
Sensei ni kiita hou ga ii to omou wa. 先生に聞いたほうがいいと思うわ。 |
Myślę, że lepiej będzie zapytać nauczyciela. |
Yo よ
1. Podkreśla polecenie.
Benkyou shinasai yo! 勉強しなさいよ! |
Ucz się! |
Okoranaide yo! 怒らないでよ! |
Nie bądź [taki] zły! |
2. Lekko podkreśla wypowiedź. Często używane wówczas, gdy mówca dostarcza jakichś nowych informacji.
Ano eiga wa sugoku yokatta yo. あの映画はすごく良かったよ。 |
Ten film był bardzo dobry. |
Kare wa tabako o suwanai yo. 彼は煙草を吸わないよ。 |
On nie pali papierosów. |
Ze ぜ
W pewnym stopniu wymusza zgodę. Użycie podobne jak w języku polskim używanie formy rozkazującej do propozycji. Używane niemal wyłącznie przez mężczyzn w rozmowach między kolegami lub gdy słuchacz ma niższy status.
Nomi ni ikou ze. 飲みに行こうぜ。 |
Chodźmy się napić! |
Zo ぞ
Podkreśla opinię lub osąd. Używane głównie przez mężczyzn.
Iku zo. 行くぞ。 |
Idę! |
Kore wa omoi zo. これは重いぞ。 |
[Mówię ci,] to jest ciężkie. |
Ja
Romaji | Hiragana | Kanji | Level of speech | Gender | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
- Me - | |||||
watashi | わたし | 私 | formal | both | わて wate in the Kansai dialect. |
watakushi | わたくし | 私 | very formal | both | The most formal polite version.[1] |
ware | われ | 我 | very formal | both | |
waga | わが | 我が | very formal | both | Means "my" or "our". Used in speeches and formalities; 我が社 wagasha (our company) or 我が国 wagakuni (our country). |
ore | おれ | 俺 | informal | males, rarely females (boyish) | Meaning "I". Frequently used by men.[2] It can be seen as rude depending on the situation. Establishes a sense of masculinity. Used with peers or those younger or of lesser status, indicating one's own status. Among close friends or family, its usage is a sign of familiarity rather than masculinity or superiority. |
boku | ぼく | 僕 | informal | males and rarely females (boyish)[1][3] | Also meaning "I". Used in giving a sense of casual deference, uses the same kanji for servant (僕shimobe), especially a male one, from a Sino-Japanese word. Can also be used towards children, (English equivalent - "kid" or "squirt") |
washi | わし | 儂 | old males | Colloquial. Often used in fictitious creations to stereotypically represent old male characters. | |
atai | あたい | 私 | very informal | females | Slang version of あたし atashi.[1] |
atashi | あたし | informal | females | Often considered cute.[1] Rarely used in written language, but common in conversation, especially among younger women. | |
atakushi | あたくし | formal | females | ||
uchi | うち | 家 | informal | mostly young girls | Means one's own. Often used in the Kansai and Kyūshū dialects. Uses the same kanji for house (家 uchi). |
(own name) | informal | both | Used by small children, considered cute. | ||
oira | おいら | informal | both | Similar to 俺, but more casual. May give off sense of more country bumpkin. | |
ora | おら | both | Dialect in Kanto and further north. Gives off sense of country bumpkin. Used among children influenced by main characters in Dragon Ball and Crayon Shin-chan. | ||
- you (singular) - | |||||
(name and honorific) | formality depends on the honorific used | both | |||
anata | あなた | 貴方, 貴男, 貴女 | formal/informal | both | The kanji is rarely used. It is not used as much, since, when speaking to someone directly, the name of the addressee is better.[4][2] Commonly used by women to address their husband or lover, in a way roughly equivalent to the English "dear". |
anta | あんた | informal | both | Version of あなた anata.[1] Similar to omae. Often expresses anger or contempt towards a person. Generally seen as rude or uneducated. Used by old men who also use washi instead of watashi. | |
otaku | おたく | お宅, 御宅 | formal, polite | both | Polite form of saying "your house", also used as a pronoun to address a person with slight sense of distance. Otaku/Otakku/Otaki/Otakki turned into a slang referring to some type of geek/obsessive hobbyist, as they often addressed each other as Otaku. |
omae | おまえ | お前 | very informal | both | Used by men with more frequency,[2] but also used by women. Expresses contempt/anger, the speaker's higher status or age, or a very casual relationship among peers. Used with おれ ore.[2] Should never be said to elders. |
temee, temae | てめえ, てまえ |
手前 | rude and confrontational[1] | mainly males | Temee, a version of temae, is more rude. Used when the speaker is very angry. |
kisama | きさま | 貴様 | extremely hostile and rude[1] | mainly males | Historically very formal, but has developed in an ironic sense to show the speaker's extreme hostility / outrage towards the addressee. |
kimi | きみ | 君 | informal | both | The kanji means lord (archaic). Generally used with 僕 boku.[2] The same kanji is used to write -kun[1]. It is informal to subordinates; can also be affectionate; formerly very polite. Sometimes rude or assuming when used with superiors, elders or strangers.[2] |
kika | きか | 貴下 | informal, to a younger person | both | |
on-sha | おんしゃ | 御社 | formal, used to the listener representing your company | both | |
ki-sha | きしゃ | 貴社 | formal, similar to "onsha" | both | |
- he / she - | |||||
ano kata | あのかた | あの方 | very formal | both | Sometimes pronounced ano hou, but with the same kanji. |
ano hito | あのひと | あの人 | formal/informal | both | Literally "that person". |
yatsu | やつ | 奴 | informal | both | a thing (very informal), dude, guy. |
koitsu | こいつ | 此奴 | very informal, implies contempt | both | Denotes a person or material nearby the speaker. Analogous to "this one". |
soitsu | そいつ | 其奴 | very informal, implies contempt | both | Denotes a person or material nearby the listener. Analogous to "he/she", "it" or "this/that one". |
aitsu | あいつ | 彼奴 | very informal, implies contempt | both | Denotes a person or (less frequently) material far from both the speaker and the listener. Analogous to "he/she" or "that one". |
- he - | |||||
kare | かれ | 彼 | formal (neutral) and informal (boyfriend) | both | Can also mean boyfriend. Formerly 彼氏 kareshi was its equivalent but now always means boyfriend. |
- she - | |||||
kanojo | かのじょ | 彼女 | formal (neutral) and informal (girlfriend) | both | Can also mean girlfriend.[2] |
- we - | |||||
hei-sha | へいしゃ | 弊社 | formal and humble | both | Used when representing one's own company. From a Sino-Japanese word meaning "low company" or "humble company". |
waga-sha | わがしゃ | 我が社 | formal, used when representing one's own company | both | |
- they - | |||||
kare-ra | かれら | 彼等 | common in spoken Japanese and writing | both | |
- notable others - | |||||
ware-ware | われわれ | 我々 | formal "we" sometimes "they" | both | Mostly used when speaking on behalf of a company or group. |
Romaji | Hiragana | Kanji | Meaning | Level of speech | Gender | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- Archaic pronouns - | ||||||
asshi | あっし | I | males | From the feudal ages. | ||
sessha | せっしゃ | 拙者 | I | males | Used by ninjas and samurais during the feudal ages. From a Sino-Japanese word meaning "one who is clumsy". | |
waga-hai | わがはい | 我が輩,吾輩 | I | both | Literally "my fellows; my class; my cohort", but used in a somewhat pompous manner as a first-person singular pronoun. | |
soregashi | それがし | 某 | I | both | Ancient form of "watakushi". | |
warawa | わらわ | 妾 | I | both | Ancient form of "watakushi". | |
yo | よ | 余, 予 | I | males | Archaic first-person singular pronoun. | |
chin | ちん | 朕 | I | males | Used only by the emperor, mostly before World War II. | |
onore | おのれ | 己 | I or you | males | The kanji literally means "snake". It is humble when used as a first person pronoun and hostile when used as a second person pronoun. | |
nanji | なんじ | 汝, less commonly also 爾 | you, often translated as "thou" | both | Spelled as なむち namuti in the most ancient texts and later as なんち nanti or なんぢ nandi. | |
onushi | おぬし | 御主 | males | Used by ninjas and samurais to talk to people of equal or lower rank. Literally means "master". | ||
sonata | そなた | 其方 (rarely used) | thou | both | Originally a mesial deictic pronoun meaning "that side; that way; that direction"; used as a lightly respectful second person pronoun in medieval times, but now used when speaking to an inferior in a pompous and old-fashioned tone. |
- ↑ a b c d e f g Personal pronouns in Japanese Japan Reference. Retrieved on October 21, 2007
- ↑ a b c d e f 8.1. Pronouns sf.airnet.ne.jp Retrieved on October 21, 2007
- ↑ TRANS Nr. 16: Rika Ito (St. Olaf College, MN USA): BOKU or WATASHI: Variation in self-reference terms among Japanese children
- ↑ Szablon:Cite book