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Wikipedysta:Nemochin/Jap: Różnice pomiędzy wersjami

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Nemochin (dyskusja | edycje)
<br />
Nemochin (dyskusja | edycje)
Ja
Linia 131: Linia 131:
|Kore wa omoi '''zo'''.<br />これは重い'''ぞ'''。
|Kore wa omoi '''zo'''.<br />これは重い'''ぞ'''。
|[Mówię ci,] to jest ciężkie.
|[Mówię ci,] to jest ciężkie.
|}
=Ja=
{| class="wikitable"
![[Romaji]]
![[Hiragana]]
![[Kanji]]
!Level of speech
!Gender
!Notes
|-
! colspan=6 | <br />- Me - <!-- wasn't instantly obvious what - I - meant, I thought it was some table-code accidentally displayed, hence making it clearer with - Me - -->
|-
|watashi
|わたし
|私
|formal
|both
| わて ''wate'' in the [[Kansai dialect]].
|-
|watakushi
|わたくし
|私
|very formal
|both
|The most formal polite version.<ref name="japan ref">[http://www.jref.com/language/japanese_personal_pronouns.shtml Personal pronouns in Japanese] ''Japan Reference''. Retrieved on [[October 21]], [[2007]]</ref>
|-
|ware
|われ
|我
|very formal
|both
|
|-
|waga
|わが
|我が
|very formal
|both
|Means "my" or "our". Used in speeches and formalities; 我が社 ''wagasha'' (our company) or 我が国 ''wagakuni'' (our country).
|-
|ore
|おれ
|俺
|informal
|males, rarely females (boyish)
|Meaning ''"I"''. Frequently used by men.<ref name= "pronouns"/> It can be seen as rude depending on the situation. Establishes a sense of masculinity. Used with peers or those younger or of lesser status, indicating one's own status. Among close friends or family, its usage is a sign of familiarity rather than masculinity or superiority.
|-
|boku
|ぼく
|僕
|informal
|males and rarely females (boyish)<ref name="japan ref"/><ref>[http://www.inst.at/trans/16Nr/01_4/ito16.htm TRANS Nr. 16: Rika Ito (St. Olaf College, MN USA): BOKU or WATASHI: Variation in self-reference terms among Japanese children<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|Also meaning ''"I"''. Used in giving a sense of casual deference, uses the same kanji for servant ([http://kanjidict.com/demo/50d5.html 僕]''shimobe''), especially a male one, from a [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Sino-Japanese word]]. Can also be used towards children, (English equivalent - "kid" or "squirt")
|-
|washi
|わし
|儂
|<!--not sure if informal-->
|old males
|Colloquial. Often used in fictitious creations to stereotypically represent old male characters.
|-
|atai
|あたい
|私
|very informal
|females
|Slang version of あたし ''atashi''.<ref name="japan ref"/>
|-
|atashi
|あたし
|
|informal
|females
|Often considered cute.<ref name="japan ref"/> Rarely used in written language, but common in conversation, especially among younger women.
|-
|atakushi
|あたくし
|
|formal
|females
|
|-
|uchi
|うち
|家
|informal
|mostly young girls
|Means one's own. Often used in the [[Kansai]] and [[Kyūshū]] dialects. Uses the same kanji for house ([http://kanjidict.com/demo/5bb6.html 家] ''uchi'').
|-
|(own name)
|
|
|informal
|both
|Used by small children, considered cute.
|-
|oira
|おいら
|
|informal
|both
|Similar to 俺, but more casual. May give off sense of more country bumpkin.
|-
|ora
|おら
|
|
|both
|Dialect in Kanto and further north. Gives off sense of country bumpkin. Used among children influenced by main characters in [[Dragon Ball]] and [[Crayon Shin-chan]].
|-
! colspan=6 | <br>- you ([[Grammatical number|singular]]) -
|-
|(name and [[Japanese titles|honorific]])
|
|
|formality depends on the honorific used
|both
|
|-
|anata
|あなた
|貴方, 貴男, 貴女
|formal/informal
|both
|The kanji is rarely used. It is not used as much, since, when speaking to someone directly, the name of the addressee is better.<ref name="Japanese 30">
{{cite book
| last = Akiyama
| first = Carol
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Nobuo Akiyama
| title = Japanese
| accessdate = 2007-10-22
| edition = Second
| series =
| date =
| year = 2003
| month =
| publisher = [[Barron's]]
| isbn = 9780764120619
| chapter =
| page = 30
}}</ref><ref name= "pronouns">[http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/ts/japanese/pronoun.html 8.1. Pronouns] ''sf.airnet.ne.jp'' Retrieved on [[October 21]], [[2007]]</ref> Commonly used by women to address their husband or lover, in a way roughly equivalent to the English "dear".
|-
<!--|kijo
|きじょ
|貴女
|formal
|females
|The kanji is rarely used. Also used by women to refer to their husbands, roughly equivalent to 'dear' or 'honey'.
|-->
|anta
|あんた
|
|informal
|both
|Version of あなた ''anata''.<ref name="japan ref"/> Similar to omae. Often expresses anger or contempt towards a person. Generally seen as rude or uneducated. Used by old men who also use washi instead of watashi.
|-
|otaku
|おたく
|お宅, 御宅
|formal, polite
|both
|Polite form of saying "your house", also used as a pronoun to address a person with slight sense of distance. Otaku/Otakku/Otaki/Otakki turned into a slang referring to some type of [[Otaku|geek/obsessive hobbyist]], as they often addressed each other as Otaku.
|-
|omae
|おまえ
|お前
|very informal
|both
|Used by men with more frequency,<ref name= "pronouns"/> but also used by women. Expresses contempt/anger, the speaker's higher status or age, or a very casual relationship among peers. Used with おれ ''ore''.<ref name= "pronouns"/> Should never be said to elders.
|-
|temee, temae
|てめえ,<br />てまえ
|手前
|rude and confrontational<ref name="japan ref"/>
|mainly males
|Temee, a version of temae, is more rude. Used when the speaker is very angry.
|-
|kisama
|きさま
|貴様
|extremely hostile and rude<ref name="japan ref"/>
|mainly males
|Historically very formal, but has developed in an ironic sense to show the speaker's extreme hostility / outrage towards the addressee.
|-
|kimi
|きみ
|君
|informal
|both
|The kanji means lord (archaic). Generally used with 僕 ''boku''.<ref name= "pronouns"/> The same [[kanji]] is used to write [[Japanese titles#Common honorifics|''-kun'']][http://kanjidict.com/demo/541b.html]. It is informal to subordinates; can also be affectionate; formerly very polite. Sometimes rude or assuming when used with superiors, elders or strangers.<ref name= "pronouns"/>
|-
|kika
|きか
|貴下
|informal, to a younger person
|both
|
|-
|on-sha
|おんしゃ
|御社
|formal, used to the listener representing your company
|both
|
|-
|ki-sha
|きしゃ
|貴社
|formal, similar to "onsha"
|both
|
|-
! colspan=6 | <br>- he / she -
|-
|ano kata
|あのかた
|あの方
|very formal
|both
|Sometimes pronounced ano hou, but with the same kanji.
|-
|ano hito
|あのひと
|あの人
|formal/informal
|both
|Literally "that person".
|-
|yatsu
|やつ
|奴
|informal
|both
|a thing (very informal), dude, guy.
|-
|koitsu
|こいつ
|此奴
|very informal, implies contempt
|both
|Denotes a person or material nearby the speaker. Analogous to "this one".
|-
|soitsu
|そいつ
|其奴
|very informal, implies contempt
|both
|Denotes a person or material nearby the listener. Analogous to "he/she", "it" or "this/that one".
|-
|aitsu
|あいつ
|彼奴
|very informal, implies contempt
|both
|Denotes a person or (less frequently) material far from both the speaker and the listener. Analogous to "he/she" or "that one".
|-
! colspan=6 | <br>- he -
|-
|kare
|かれ
|彼
|formal (neutral) and informal (boyfriend)
|both
|Can also mean boyfriend. Formerly 彼氏 ''kareshi'' was its equivalent but now always means boyfriend.
|-
! colspan=6 | <br>- she -
|-
|kanojo
|かのじょ
|彼女
|formal (neutral) and informal (girlfriend)
|both
|Can also mean girlfriend.[http://kanjidict.com/demo/5f7c.html]
|-
! colspan=6 | <br>- we -
|-
|hei-sha
|へいしゃ
|弊社
|formal and humble
|both
|Used when representing one's own company. From a [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Sino-Japanese word]] meaning "low company" or "humble company".
|-
|waga-sha
|わがしゃ
|我が社
|formal, used when representing one's own company
|both
|
|-
! colspan=6 | <br>- they -
|-
|kare-ra
|かれら
|彼等
|common in spoken Japanese and writing
|both
|
|-
! colspan=6 | <br>- notable others -
|-
|ware-ware
|われわれ
|我々
|formal "we" sometimes "they"
|both
|Mostly used when speaking on behalf of a company or group.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
![[Romaji]]
![[Hiragana]]
![[Kanji]]
!Meaning
!Level of speech
!Gender
!Notes
|-
! colspan=7 | <br>- Archaic pronouns - <!--UNSURE IF GENDER-SPECIFIC-->
|-
|asshi
|あっし
|
|I
|
|males
|From the feudal ages.
|-
|sessha
|せっしゃ
|拙者
|I
|
|males
|Used by ninjas and samurais during the feudal ages. From a Sino-Japanese word meaning "one who is clumsy".
|-
|waga-hai
|わがはい
|我が輩,吾輩
|I
|
|both
|Literally "my fellows; my class; my cohort", but used in a somewhat pompous manner as a first-person singular pronoun.
|-
|soregashi
|それがし
|某
|I
|
|both
|Ancient form of "watakushi".
|-
|warawa
|わらわ
|妾
|I
|
|both
|Ancient form of "watakushi".
|-
|yo
|よ
|余, 予
|I
|
|males
|Archaic first-person singular pronoun.
|-
|chin
|ちん
|朕
|I
|
|males <!-- Unsure if just males, some sites say used by royalty, others say only the emperor. -->
|Used only by the emperor, mostly before World War II.
|-
|onore
|おのれ
|己
|I or you
|
|males
|The kanji literally means "snake". It is humble when used as a first person pronoun and hostile when used as a second person pronoun.
|-
|nanji
|なんじ
|汝, less commonly also 爾
|you, often translated as "thou"
|
|both
|Spelled as なむち ''namuti'' in the most ancient texts and later as なんち ''nanti'' or なんぢ ''nandi''.
|-
|onushi
|おぬし
|御主
|
|
|males
|Used by ninjas and samurais to talk to people of equal or lower rank. Literally means "master".
|-
|sonata
|そなた
|其方 (rarely used)
|thou
|
|both
|Originally a mesial deictic pronoun meaning "that side; that way; that direction"; used as a lightly respectful second person pronoun in medieval times, but now used when speaking to an inferior in a pompous and old-fashioned tone.
|}
|}

Wersja z 20:43, 9 lis 2009

Przyrostki

Źródło: 1 i 2.

W języku japońskim przyrostków używa się do tworzenia pytań, podkreślania wypowiedzi, wyrażania emocji i uczuć oraz do innych zastosowań. Są z reguły jedno lub dwuznakowe. Przeważnie dodaje się je do zdań nie zmieniając szyku wyrazów oraz użytych czasów i konstrukcji.

Ka か

Tworzy ze zdania twierdzącego pytanie.

Nihon-jin desu ka.
日本人です
Czy jesteś Japończykiem?
Supeingo o hanashimasu ka.
スペイン語を話します
Mówisz po hiszpańsku?

Kana かな / Kashira かしら

Oznacza przypuszczenie, niepewność. Kashira używane jedynie przez kobiety.

Tanaka-san wa ashita kuru kana.
田中さんは明日来るかな
Przypuszczam, że pan Tanaka przyjedzie jutro.
Ano hito wa dare kashira.
あの人は誰かしら
Zastanawiam się, kim jest ta osoba?

Na な

Przyrostek ma dwa znaczenia, zależnie od osoby, która go używa i sytuacji.

1. Oznacza zakaz. Używane jedynie przez mężczyzn. Bardzo nieformalne.

Sonna koto o suru na!
そんなことをする
Nie rób takich rzeczy!

2. Służy jako podkreślenie decyzji, sugestii, opinii.

Kyou wa shigoto ni ikitakunai na.
今日は仕事に行きたくない
Ale mi się nie chce iść dzisiaj do pracy.
Sore wa machigatteiru to omou na.
それは間違っていると思う
Myślę, że to pomyłka.

Naa なあ

Wyraża uczucia lub pobożne życzenia.

Sugoi naa.
すごいなあ
Świetne!
Mou sukoshi nete itai naa.
もう少し寝ていたいなあ
Chciałbym móc jeszcze trochę pospać.

Ne ね/ Nee ねえ

Oznacza, że mówca oczekuje potwierdzenia ze strony słuchającego. Jest analogiczne z polskimi zakończeniami zdań "prawda?", "czyż nie?", "nie?" itp.

Ii tenki desu ne.
いい天気です
Piękna pogoda, prawda?
Mou nakanaide ne.
もう泣かないで
Nie płacz już, nie płacz.

No の

1. Służy do wyjaśniania lub podkreślania. Używane wyłącznie przez kobiety i dzieci w nieformalnych sytuacjach.

Kore jibunde tsukutta no.
これ自分で作った
Sama to zrobiłam.
Onaka ga itai no.おなかが痛い Boli mnie brzuch.

2. Nieformalna wersja ~ no desu ka (~のですか). Zamienia zdanie w pytanie, tak samo jak ka.

Ashita konai no?明日来ない Nie przyjdziesz jutro?
Doushita no?
どうした
Co się stało?

Sa さ

Podkreśla wypowiedź. Używane głównie przez mężczyzn.

Sonna koto wa wakatteiru sa.
そんなことは分かっている
Wiem o takich rzeczach.
Hajime kara umaku dekinai no wa atarimae sa.
始めからうまくできないのは当たり前
To oczywiste, że robiąc coś pierwszy raz,
nie zrobisz tego dobrze.

Wa わ

Używane wyłącznie przez kobiety. Jednocześnie podkreśla wypowiedź i ją łagodzi.

Watashi ga suru wa.
わたしがする
Zrobię to.
Sensei ni kiita hou ga ii to omou wa.
先生に聞いたほうがいいと思う
Myślę, że lepiej będzie zapytać nauczyciela.

Yo よ

1. Podkreśla polecenie.

Benkyou shinasai yo!
勉強しなさい
Ucz się!
Okoranaide yo!
怒らないで
Nie bądź [taki] zły!

2. Lekko podkreśla wypowiedź. Często używane wówczas, gdy mówca dostarcza jakichś nowych informacji.

Ano eiga wa sugoku yokatta yo.
あの映画はすごく良かった
Ten film był bardzo dobry.
Kare wa tabako o suwanai yo.
彼は煙草を吸わない
On nie pali papierosów.

Ze ぜ

W pewnym stopniu wymusza zgodę. Użycie podobne jak w języku polskim używanie formy rozkazującej do propozycji. Używane niemal wyłącznie przez mężczyzn w rozmowach między kolegami lub gdy słuchacz ma niższy status.

Nomi ni ikou ze.
飲みに行こう
Chodźmy się napić!

Zo ぞ

Podkreśla opinię lub osąd. Używane głównie przez mężczyzn.

Iku zo.
行く
Idę!
Kore wa omoi zo.
これは重い
[Mówię ci,] to jest ciężkie.

Ja

Romaji Hiragana Kanji Level of speech Gender Notes

- Me -
watashi わたし formal both わて wate in the Kansai dialect.
watakushi わたくし very formal both The most formal polite version.[1]
ware われ very formal both
waga わが 我が very formal both Means "my" or "our". Used in speeches and formalities; 我が社 wagasha (our company) or 我が国 wagakuni (our country).
ore おれ informal males, rarely females (boyish) Meaning "I". Frequently used by men.[2] It can be seen as rude depending on the situation. Establishes a sense of masculinity. Used with peers or those younger or of lesser status, indicating one's own status. Among close friends or family, its usage is a sign of familiarity rather than masculinity or superiority.
boku ぼく informal males and rarely females (boyish)[1][3] Also meaning "I". Used in giving a sense of casual deference, uses the same kanji for servant (shimobe), especially a male one, from a Sino-Japanese word. Can also be used towards children, (English equivalent - "kid" or "squirt")
washi わし old males Colloquial. Often used in fictitious creations to stereotypically represent old male characters.
atai あたい very informal females Slang version of あたし atashi.[1]
atashi あたし informal females Often considered cute.[1] Rarely used in written language, but common in conversation, especially among younger women.
atakushi あたくし formal females
uchi うち informal mostly young girls Means one's own. Often used in the Kansai and Kyūshū dialects. Uses the same kanji for house ( uchi).
(own name) informal both Used by small children, considered cute.
oira おいら informal both Similar to 俺, but more casual. May give off sense of more country bumpkin.
ora おら both Dialect in Kanto and further north. Gives off sense of country bumpkin. Used among children influenced by main characters in Dragon Ball and Crayon Shin-chan.

- you (singular) -
(name and honorific) formality depends on the honorific used both
anata あなた 貴方, 貴男, 貴女 formal/informal both The kanji is rarely used. It is not used as much, since, when speaking to someone directly, the name of the addressee is better.[4][2] Commonly used by women to address their husband or lover, in a way roughly equivalent to the English "dear".
anta あんた informal both Version of あなた anata.[1] Similar to omae. Often expresses anger or contempt towards a person. Generally seen as rude or uneducated. Used by old men who also use washi instead of watashi.
otaku おたく お宅, 御宅 formal, polite both Polite form of saying "your house", also used as a pronoun to address a person with slight sense of distance. Otaku/Otakku/Otaki/Otakki turned into a slang referring to some type of geek/obsessive hobbyist, as they often addressed each other as Otaku.
omae おまえ お前 very informal both Used by men with more frequency,[2] but also used by women. Expresses contempt/anger, the speaker's higher status or age, or a very casual relationship among peers. Used with おれ ore.[2] Should never be said to elders.
temee, temae てめえ,
てまえ
手前 rude and confrontational[1] mainly males Temee, a version of temae, is more rude. Used when the speaker is very angry.
kisama きさま 貴様 extremely hostile and rude[1] mainly males Historically very formal, but has developed in an ironic sense to show the speaker's extreme hostility / outrage towards the addressee.
kimi きみ informal both The kanji means lord (archaic). Generally used with 僕 boku.[2] The same kanji is used to write -kun[1]. It is informal to subordinates; can also be affectionate; formerly very polite. Sometimes rude or assuming when used with superiors, elders or strangers.[2]
kika きか 貴下 informal, to a younger person both
on-sha おんしゃ 御社 formal, used to the listener representing your company both
ki-sha きしゃ 貴社 formal, similar to "onsha" both

- he / she -
ano kata あのかた あの方 very formal both Sometimes pronounced ano hou, but with the same kanji.
ano hito あのひと あの人 formal/informal both Literally "that person".
yatsu やつ informal both a thing (very informal), dude, guy.
koitsu こいつ 此奴 very informal, implies contempt both Denotes a person or material nearby the speaker. Analogous to "this one".
soitsu そいつ 其奴 very informal, implies contempt both Denotes a person or material nearby the listener. Analogous to "he/she", "it" or "this/that one".
aitsu あいつ 彼奴 very informal, implies contempt both Denotes a person or (less frequently) material far from both the speaker and the listener. Analogous to "he/she" or "that one".

- he -
kare かれ formal (neutral) and informal (boyfriend) both Can also mean boyfriend. Formerly 彼氏 kareshi was its equivalent but now always means boyfriend.

- she -
kanojo かのじょ 彼女 formal (neutral) and informal (girlfriend) both Can also mean girlfriend.[2]

- we -
hei-sha へいしゃ 弊社 formal and humble both Used when representing one's own company. From a Sino-Japanese word meaning "low company" or "humble company".
waga-sha わがしゃ 我が社 formal, used when representing one's own company both

- they -
kare-ra かれら 彼等 common in spoken Japanese and writing both

- notable others -
ware-ware われわれ 我々 formal "we" sometimes "they" both Mostly used when speaking on behalf of a company or group.
Romaji Hiragana Kanji Meaning Level of speech Gender Notes

- Archaic pronouns -
asshi あっし I males From the feudal ages.
sessha せっしゃ 拙者 I males Used by ninjas and samurais during the feudal ages. From a Sino-Japanese word meaning "one who is clumsy".
waga-hai わがはい 我が輩,吾輩 I both Literally "my fellows; my class; my cohort", but used in a somewhat pompous manner as a first-person singular pronoun.
soregashi それがし I both Ancient form of "watakushi".
warawa わらわ I both Ancient form of "watakushi".
yo 余, 予 I males Archaic first-person singular pronoun.
chin ちん I males Used only by the emperor, mostly before World War II.
onore おのれ I or you males The kanji literally means "snake". It is humble when used as a first person pronoun and hostile when used as a second person pronoun.
nanji なんじ 汝, less commonly also 爾 you, often translated as "thou" both Spelled as なむち namuti in the most ancient texts and later as なんち nanti or なんぢ nandi.
onushi おぬし 御主 males Used by ninjas and samurais to talk to people of equal or lower rank. Literally means "master".
sonata そなた 其方 (rarely used) thou both Originally a mesial deictic pronoun meaning "that side; that way; that direction"; used as a lightly respectful second person pronoun in medieval times, but now used when speaking to an inferior in a pompous and old-fashioned tone.