Identifier: physiologybioche00macl (find matches)
Title: Physiology and biochemistry in modern medicine
Year: 1918 (1910s)
Authors: Macleod, John James Rickard, 1876-1935 Pearce, R. G. (Roy Gentry), 1884-
Subjects: Physiology Biochemistry
Publisher: St. Louis : Mosby
Contributing Library: Columbia University Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: Open Knowledge Commons

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muscles of the ribs,and thus limit the expansion of the thorax. The axis of movement of the lower ribs, as of the upper ribs, accuratelycorresponds with that indicated by their articulation with the vertebrae,because the muscles attached to them, as well as the diaphragm, influencetheir movements to a large extent. Anteriorly the lower ribs from the 318 THE RESPIRATION sixth to the tenth are joined to the sternum by the cartilages which unitethe sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth, so that any movement inwhich the ribs are raised is accompanied by an anterior movement of thesternum (Fig. 112). The ribs are so articulated to the spinal column thatthe inspiratory act causes the lateral and anterior part of each rib archto move forward and outward more than the one above it. In natural breathing in the standing or sitting posture there is aslight extension of the spine during inspiration. This serves to increaseall diameters of the thorax and its absence is undoubtedly an important
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Fig. 112.—Lower half of the thorax from the 6th dorsal to the 4th vertebra, seen from thefront. c, cnsiform process; d, d, aorta; e, esophagus; f, aperture in tendon of diaphragm forpassage of vena cava inferior; I, 2, .?, trilobate expansions of tendinous center of diaphragm; 4, 5,costal portions, right and left, of diaphragm muscle; 6, right cms of diaphragm; S, 9, internalintercostal muscles, which are absent near the vertebral column, where it joins 9 and 9, the ex-ternal intercostals; 10, 10, subcostal muscles of left side. (From Luschka.) contributory factor in reducing the vital capacity of an individual whenlying on the back. Figures given by Hutchinson for the effect whichposture has on the vital capacity are of interest because of their bearingon the cause of orthopnea. In the same individual he found the followingvital capacities: Standing 4300 c.c. Sitting 4200 c.c. Supine 3800 c.c. Prone 3620 c.c. THE MECHANICS OP RESPIRATION 319 The Action of the Musculature of the Rib

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