Wikipedysta:Grawiton/Isotopes of thallium
Wygląd
Tal (81Tl) posiada 37 izotopów o masie atomowej w zakresie od 176 do 212. Jedyne stabilne izotopy talu to 203Tl i 205Tl. Najbardziej stabilnym radioizotopem jest 204Tl z okresem półtrwania 3,78 roku. Najtrwalszym naturalnym izotopem promieniotwórczym jest 207Tl z okresem półtrwania 4,77 min.
Tal-202 (okres półtrwania 12,23 dni) może być wytworzony w cyklotronie[1], podczas gdy tal-204 (okres półtrwania 3,78 lat) jest wytwarzany poprzez aktywację neutronową talu-203.[2]
W pełni zjonizowanym stanie, izotop 205TL staje się beta-promieniotwórczy (rozpada się na 205Pb)[3] , ale 203TL pozostaje stabilny.
Lista izotopów[edytuj | edytuj kod]
nuclide symbol |
historic name |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[4][n 1] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 2] |
nuclear spin and parity |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | ||||||||||
176Tl | 81 | 95 | 176.00059(21)# | 5.2(+30−14) ms | (3–,4–,5–) | |||||
177Tl | 81 | 96 | 176.996427(27) | 18(5) ms | p | 176Hg | (1/2+) | |||
α (rare) | 173Au | |||||||||
177mTl | 807(18) keV | 230(40) µs | p | 176Hg | (11/2−) | |||||
α | 173Au | |||||||||
178Tl | 81 | 97 | 177.99490(12)# | 255(10) ms | α | 174Au | ||||
p (rare) | 177Hg | |||||||||
179Tl | 81 | 98 | 178.99109(5) | 270(30) ms | α | 175Au | (1/2+) | |||
p (rare) | 178Hg | |||||||||
179mTl | 860(30)# keV | 1.60(16) ms | α | 175Au | (9/2−) | |||||
IT (rare) | 179Tl | |||||||||
180Tl | 81 | 99 | 179.98991(13)# | 1.5(2) s | α (75%) | 176Au | ||||
β+ (25%) | 180Hg | |||||||||
EC, fission (10−4%) | 100Ru, 80Kr[5] | |||||||||
181Tl | 81 | 100 | 180.986257(10) | 3.2(3) s | α | 177Au | 1/2+# | |||
β+ | 181Hg | |||||||||
181mTl | 857(29) keV | 1.7(4) ms | α | 177Au | 9/2−# | |||||
β+ | 181Hg | |||||||||
182Tl | 81 | 101 | 181.98567(8) | 2.0(3) s | β+ (96%) | 182Hg | 2−# | |||
α (4%) | 178Au | |||||||||
182m1Tl | 100(100)# keV | 2.9(5) s | α | 178Au | (7+) | |||||
β+ (rare) | 182Hg | |||||||||
182m2Tl | 600(140)# keV | 10− | ||||||||
183Tl | 81 | 102 | 182.982193(10) | 6.9(7) s | β+ (98%) | 183Hg | 1/2+# | |||
α (2%) | 179Au | |||||||||
183m1Tl | 630(17) keV | 53.3(3) ms | IT (99.99%) | 183Tl | 9/2−# | |||||
α (.01%) | 179Au | |||||||||
183m2Tl | 976.8(3) keV | 1.48(10) µs | (13/2+) | |||||||
184Tl | 81 | 103 | 183.98187(5) | 9.7(6) s | β+ | 184Hg | 2−# | |||
184m1Tl | 100(100)# keV | 10# s | β+ (97.9%) | 184Hg | 7+# | |||||
α (2.1%) | 180Au | |||||||||
184m2Tl | 500(140)# keV | >20 ns | (10−) | |||||||
185Tl | 81 | 104 | 184.97879(6) | 19.5(5) s | α | 181Au | 1/2+# | |||
β+ | 185Hg | |||||||||
185mTl | 452.8(20) keV | 1.93(8) s | IT (99.99%) | 185Tl | 9/2−# | |||||
α (.01%) | 181Au | |||||||||
β+ | 185Hg | |||||||||
186Tl | 81 | 105 | 185.97833(20) | 40# s | β+ | 186Hg | (2−) | |||
α (.006%) | 182Au | |||||||||
186m1Tl | 320(180) keV | 27.5(10) s | β+ | 186Hg | (7+) | |||||
186m2Tl | 690(180) keV | 2.9(2) s | (10−) | |||||||
187Tl | 81 | 106 | 186.975906(9) | ~51 s | β+ | 187Hg | (1/2+) | |||
α (rare) | 183Au | |||||||||
187mTl | 335(3) keV | 15.60(12) s | α | 183Au | (9/2−) | |||||
IT | 187Tl | |||||||||
β+ | 187Hg | |||||||||
188Tl | 81 | 107 | 187.97601(4) | 71(2) s | β+ | 188Hg | (2−) | |||
188m1Tl | 40(30) keV | 71(1) s | β+ | 188Hg | (7+) | |||||
188m2Tl | 310(30) keV | 41(4) ms | (9−) | |||||||
189Tl | 81 | 108 | 188.973588(12) | 2.3(2) min | β+ | 189Hg | (1/2+) | |||
189mTl | 257.6(13) keV | 1.4(1) min | β+ (96%) | 189Hg | (9/2−) | |||||
IT (4%) | 189Tl | |||||||||
190Tl | 81 | 109 | 189.97388(5) | 2.6(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 2(−) | |||
190m1Tl | 130(90)# keV | 3.7(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 7(+#) | |||||
190m2Tl | 290(70)# keV | 750(40) µs | (8−) | |||||||
190m3Tl | 410(70)# keV | >1 µs | 9− | |||||||
191Tl | 81 | 110 | 190.971786(8) | 20# min | β+ | 191Hg | (1/2+) | |||
191mTl | 297(7) keV | 5.22(16) min | β+ | 191Hg | 9/2(−) | |||||
192Tl | 81 | 111 | 191.97223(3) | 9.6(4) min | β+ | 192Hg | (2−) | |||
192m1Tl | 160(50) keV | 10.8(2) min | β+ | 192Hg | (7+) | |||||
192m2Tl | 407(54) keV | 296(5) ns | (8−) | |||||||
193Tl | 81 | 112 | 192.97067(12) | 21.6(8) min | β+ | 193Hg | 1/2(+#) | |||
193mTl | 369(4) keV | 2.11(15) min | IT (75%) | 193Tl | 9/2− | |||||
β+ (25%) | 193Hg | |||||||||
194Tl | 81 | 113 | 193.97120(15) | 33.0(5) min | β+ | 194Hg | 2− | |||
α (10−7%) | 190Au | |||||||||
194mTl | 300(200)# keV | 32.8(2) min | β+ | 194Hg | (7+) | |||||
195Tl | 81 | 114 | 194.969774(15) | 1.16(5) h | β+ | 195Hg | 1/2+ | |||
195mTl | 482.63(17) keV | 3.6(4) s | IT | 195Tl | 9/2− | |||||
196Tl | 81 | 115 | 195.970481(13) | 1.84(3) h | β+ | 196Hg | 2− | |||
196mTl | 394.2(5) keV | 1.41(2) h | β+ (95.5%) | 196Hg | (7+) | |||||
IT (4.5%) | 196Tl | |||||||||
197Tl | 81 | 116 | 196.969575(18) | 2.84(4) h | β+ | 197Hg | 1/2+ | |||
197mTl | 608.22(8) keV | 540(10) ms | IT | 197Tl | 9/2− | |||||
198Tl | 81 | 117 | 197.97048(9) | 5.3(5) h | β+ | 198Hg | 2− | |||
198m1Tl | 543.5(4) keV | 1.87(3) h | β+ (54%) | 198Hg | 7+ | |||||
IT (46%) | 198Tl | |||||||||
198m2Tl | 687.2(5) keV | 150(40) ns | (5+) | |||||||
198m3Tl | 742.3(4) keV | 32.1(10) ms | (10−)# | |||||||
199Tl | 81 | 118 | 198.96988(3) | 7.42(8) h | β+ | 199Hg | 1/2+ | |||
199mTl | 749.7(3) keV | 28.4(2) ms | IT | 199Tl | 9/2− | |||||
200Tl | 81 | 119 | 199.970963(6) | 26.1(1) h | β+ | 200Hg | 2− | |||
200m1Tl | 753.6(2) keV | 34.3(10) ms | IT | 200Tl | 7+ | |||||
200m2Tl | 762.0(2) keV | 0.33(5) µs | 5+ | |||||||
201Tl[n 3] | 81 | 120 | 200.970819(16) | 72.912(17) h | EC | 201Hg | 1/2+ | |||
201mTl | 919.50(9) keV | 2.035(7) ms | IT | 201Tl | (9/2−) | |||||
202Tl | 81 | 121 | 201.972106(16) | 12.23(2) d | β+ | 202Hg | 2− | |||
202mTl | 950.19(10) keV | 572(7) µs | 7+ | |||||||
203Tl | 81 | 122 | 202.9723442(14) | Observationally stable[n 4] | 1/2+ | 0.2952(1) | 0.29494–0.29528 | |||
203mTl | 3400(300) keV | 7.7(5) µs | (25/2+) | |||||||
204Tl | 81 | 123 | 203.9738635(13) | 3.78(2) y | β− (97.1%) | 204Pb | 2− | |||
EC (2.9%) | 204Hg | |||||||||
204m1Tl | 1104.0(4) keV | 63(2) µs | (7)+ | |||||||
204m2Tl | 2500(500) keV | 2.6(2) µs | (12−) | |||||||
204m3Tl | 3500(500) keV | 1.6(2) µs | (20+) | |||||||
205Tl[n 5] | 81 | 124 | 204.9744275(14) | Observationally stable[n 6] | 1/2+ | 0.7048(1) | 0.70472–0.70506 | |||
205m1Tl | 3290.63(17) keV | 2.6(2) µs | 25/2+ | |||||||
205m2Tl | 4835.6(15) keV | 235(10) ns | (35/2–) | |||||||
206Tl | Radium E | 81 | 125 | 205.9761103(15) | 4.200(17) min | β− | 206Pb | 0− | Trace[n 7] | |
206mTl | 2643.11(19) keV | 3.74(3) min | IT | 206Tl | (12–) | |||||
207Tl | Actinium C | 81 | 126 | 206.977419(6) | 4.77(2) min | β− | 207Pb | 1/2+ | Trace[n 8] | |
207mTl | 1348.1(3) keV | 1.33(11) s | IT (99.9%) | 207Tl | 11/2– | |||||
β− (.1%) | 207Pb | |||||||||
208Tl | Thorium C | 81 | 127 | 207.9820187(21) | 3.053(4) min | β− | 208Pb | 5(+) | Trace[n 9] | |
209Tl | 81 | 128 | 208.985359(8) | 2.161(7) min | β− | 209Pb | (1/2+) | |||
210Tl | Radium C″ | 81 | 129 | 209.990074(12) | 1.30(3) min | β− (99.991%) | 210Pb | (5+)# | Trace[n 7] | |
β−, n (.009%) | 209Pb | |||||||||
211Tl | 81 | 130 | 210.99348(22)# | 1# min [>300 ns] |
1/2+# | |||||
212Tl | 81 | 131 | 211.99823(32)# | 30# s [>300 ns] |
5+# |
- ↑ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition - ↑ Bold for stable isotopes
- ↑ Main isotope used in scintigraphy
- ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 199Au
- ↑ Final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain (the Neptunium series)
- ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 201Au
- ↑ a b Intermediate decay product of 238U
- ↑ Intermediate decay product of 235U
- ↑ Intermediate decay product of 232Th
Uwagi[edytuj | edytuj kod]
- Wartości oznaczone # nie czysto, uzyskane z danych eksperymentalnych, ale przynajmniej częściowo z powodu systematycznych trendów. Pleców ze słabymi zastosowanie argumentów, ujęty w nawiasy.
- Niepewność podane w skróconej formie w nawiasach po odpowiednim ostatniej cyfry. Niepewność wartości oznaczają jedno odchylenie standardowe, za wyjątkiem osuszeniu składu i standardowej masy atomowej od ИЮПАК, które korzystają z rozszerzoną niepewność.
Linki[edytuj | edytuj kod]
- ↑ Błąd w składni szablonu {{Cytuj stronę}}. Brak podanego tytułu cytowanej strony (parametr
tytuł=|
). - ↑ Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes from the International Atomic Energy Agency
- ↑ Błąd w składni szablonu {{Cytuj stronę}}. Brak podanego tytułu cytowanej strony (parametr
tytuł=|
). - ↑ Universal Nuclide Chart, nucleonica .
- ↑ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=mercury-serves-up-a-nuclear-su