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Historia[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Griselda Blanco
Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha
Pablo Escobar

Pod koniec lat 70 XX wieku rozpoczął się nielegalny handel kokainą, który stał się głównym źródłem zysków różnych grup przestępczych. Baron narkotykowy Griselda Blanco rozprowadzała kokainę poprzez swój kartel w Nowym Jorku a później także w Miami, tworząc sieć przestepczą zdolną do sprzedania 300 kilo narkotyku miesięcznie.[1] W 1982r. dochody ze sprzedaży koakainy przewyższyły te uzyskiwane z kawy. Powstawały prywatne armie mające zwalczać partyzantów, próbójacych uzyskac pieniądze dla siebie (FARC) i parających się porwaniami.[2] [3][4]

Na przełomie 1981 i 1982 roku członkowie Kartelu z Medellín, kolumbijscy wojskowi, przedstawiciele amerykańskiej korporacji Texas Petroleum, przedstawiciele kolumbijskiej władzy, mali przedsiębiorcy i bogaci hodowcy bydła spotkali się w Puerto Boyacá i utworzyli organizację palamilitarną znana jako Muerte a Secuestradores ("Smierć Porywaczą", MAS) aby bronić swoich interesów i zapewnić lokalnym elitm ochronę przed porwaniami i wyłudzeniami.[5][6][7] Do 1983 roku rząd Kolumbii zarejestrował 240 politycznych zabójstw dokonanych przez szwadrony MAS, głównie przywódców społecznych, urzedników i rolników.[8]

The following year, the Asociación Campesina de Ganaderos y Agricultores del Magdalena Medio ("Association of Middle Magdalena Ranchers and Farmers", ACDEGAM) was created to handle both the logistics and the public relations of the organization, and to provide a legal front for various paramilitary groups. ACDEGAM worked to promote anti-labor policies, and threatened anyone involved with organizing for labor or peasants' rights. The threats were backed up by the MAS, which would attack or assassinate anyone who was suspected of being a "subversive".[5][9] ACDEGAM also built schools whose stated purpose was the creation of a "patriotic and anti-Communist" educational environment, and built roads, bridges, and health clinics. Paramilitary recruiting, weapons storage, communications, propaganda, and medical services were all run out of ACDEGAM headquarters.[9] [10]

By the mid-1980s, ACDEGAM and MAS had experienced significant growth. In 1985, the powerful drug traffickers Juan Matta-Ballesteros, Pablo Escobar, Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha, Carlos Lehder, and Jorge Luis Ochoa began funneling large amounts of cash into the organization to pay for equipment, training, and weaponry. Money for social projects was cut off and redirected towards strengthening the MAS. Modern battle rifles, such as the AKM, FN FAL, Galil, and HK G3, were purchased from the military, INDUMIL, and drug-funded private sales. The organization had computers and ran a communications center that worked in coordination with the state telecommunications office. They had 30 pilots, and an assortment of fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. British, Israeli, and U.S. military instructors were hired to teach at paramilitary training centers.[5][7][9][10][11][12]

Operations[edytuj | edytuj kod]

During the height of its operations, the cartel brought in more than $60 million per day.[13] The cartel's total revenue was in the tens of billions, and very possibly the hundreds of billions of dollars.[potrzebny przypis] There were many "groups" during the cartel's years, usually white Americans, Canadians, or Europeans, organized for the sole purpose of transporting shipments of cocaine destined for the United States, Canada, and Europe, respectively.[potrzebny przypis] One group of members, dubbed "El Tomotes", is believed to have been part of an "enforcement arm" for Escobar, allegedly responsible for many assassinations, bombings, and missions of vengeance for their leader.[potrzebny przypis] It is reported that, while most participants in these operations of brutal violence were Colombian, a small number were US citizens.[potrzebny przypis] Many groups were infiltrated and taken down by Federal agents and informers, and a few others were stumbled upon by authorities, usually due to some small misstep or careless behavior by a group member.[potrzebny przypis]

Relations with the Colombian government[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Once authorities were made aware of "questionable activities", the group was put under Federal Drug Task Force surveillance. Evidence was gathered, compiled, and presented to a grand jury, resulting in indictments, arrests, and prison sentences for those convicted. However, very few Colombian cartel leaders were actually taken into custody as a result of these operations. Mostly, non-Colombians conspiring with the cartel were the "fruits" of these indictments.[potrzebny przypis]

Most Colombians targeted, as well as those named in such indictments, lived and stayed in Colombia, or fled before indictments were unsealed. However, by 1993 most, if not all, cartel fugitives had been either imprisoned, or hunted and gunned down, by the Colombian National Police trained and assisted by specialized military units and the CIA.

The last of Escobar's lieutenants to be assassinated was Juan Diego Arcila Henao, who had been released from a Colombian prison in 2002 and hidden in Venezuela to avoid the vengeance of "Los Pepes". However he was gunned down in his Jeep Cherokee as he exited the parking area of his home in Cumana, Venezuela, in April 2007.[14]

While it is broadly believed that Los Pepes have been instrumental in the assassination of the cartel's members over the last 17 years,Szablon:When it is still in dispute whether the mantle is just a screen designed to deflect political repercussions from both the Colombian and United States governments' involvement in these assassinations.[potrzebny przypis]

Fear of extradition[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Perhaps the greatest threat posed to the Medellín Cartel and the other traffickers was the implementation of an extradition treaty between the United States and Colombia. It allowed Colombia to extradite to the US any Colombian suspected of drug trafficking and to be tried there for their crimes. This was a major problem for the cartel, since the drug traffickers had little access to their local power and influence in the US, and a trial there would most likely lead to imprisonment. Among the staunch supporters of the extradition treaty were Colombian Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara (who was pushing for more action against the drug cartels[potrzebny przypis]), Police Officer Jaime Ramírez, and numerous Colombian Supreme Court judges.[potrzebny przypis]

However, the cartel applied a "bend or break" strategy towards several of these supporters, using bribery, extortion, or violence. Nevertheless, when police efforts began to cause major losses, some of the major drug lords themselves were temporarily pushed out of Colombia, forcing them into hiding from which they ordered cartel members to take out key supporters of the extradition treaty.

The cartel issued death threats to the Supreme Court Judges, asking them to denounce the Extradition Treaty. The warnings were ignored. This led Escobar and the group he called Los Extraditables ("The Extraditables") to start a violent campaign to pressure the Colombian government by committing a series of kidnappings, murders, and narco-terrorist actions.[15][16][17][18]

Alleged relation with the M-19[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Carlos Lehder

In November 1985, 35 heavily armed members of the M-19 guerrilla group stormed the Colombian Supreme Court in Bogotá, leading to the Palace of Justice siege. Some claimed at the time that the cartel's influence was behind the M-19's raid, because of its interest in intimidating the Supreme Court. Others state that the alleged cartel-guerrilla relationship was unlikely to occur at the time because the two organizations had been having several standoffs and confrontations, like the kidnappings by M-19 of drug lord Carlos Lehder and of Nieves Ochoa, the sister of Medellín Cartel founder Juan David Ochoa.[19][20][21][22] These kidnappings led to the creation of the MAS/Muerte a Secuestradores ("Death to Kidnappers") paramilitary group by the Medellín Cartel. Former guerrilla members have also denied that the cartel had any part in this event.[23] The issue continues to be debated inside Colombia.[24][25][26][27]

Assassinations[edytuj | edytuj kod]

As a means of intimidation, the cartel conducted hundreds of assassinations throughout the country. Escobar and his associates made it clear that whoever stood against them would risk being killed along with their families. Some estimates put the total around 3,500 killed during the height of the cartel's reign, including over 500 police officers in Medellín, but the entire list is impossible to assemble, due to the limitation of the judiciary power in Colombia. The following is a brief list of the most notorious assassinations conducted by the cartel:

  • Luis Vasco and Gilberto Hernandez, two DAS agents who had arrested Pablo Escobar in 1976. Among the earliest assassinations of authority figures by the cartel.Szablon:When
  • Rodrigo Lara, Minister of Justice, killed on a Bogotá highway on April 30, 1984, when two gunmen riding a motorcycle approached his vehicle in traffic and opened fire.[28]
  • Tulio Manuel Castro Gil, Superior Judge, killed by motorcycle gunmen in July 1985, shortly after indicting Escobar.[29]
  • Enrique Camarena, DEA agent, February 9, 1985, killed in Guadalajara, Mexico. Tortured and murdered on orders of members of the Guadalajara Cartel and Juan Matta-Ballesteros, a drug lord of the Medellin Cartel.[potrzebny przypis]
  • Hernando Baquero Borda, Supreme Court Justice, killed by gunmen in Bogotá on July 31, 1986.[30]
  • Jaime Ramírez, Police Colonel and head of the anti-narcotics unit of the National Police of Colombia. Killed on a Medellín highway in November 1986 when assassins in a red Renault pulled up beside his white Toyota minivan and opened fire. Ramírez was killed instantly; his wife and two sons were wounded.[31]
  • Guillermo Cano Isaza, director of El Espectador, killed in December 1986 in Bogotá by gunmen riding a motorcycle.[32]
  • Jaime Pardo Leal, presidential candidate and head of the Patriotic Union party, killed by a gunman in October 1987.[33]
  • Carlos Mauro Hoyos, Attorney General, kidnapped then killed by gunmen in Medellín in January 1988.[34]
  • Antonio Roldan Betancur, governor of Antioquia, killed by a car bomb in July 1989.[35]
  • Waldemar Franklin Quintero, Commander of the Antioquia police, killed by gunmen in Medellín in August 1989.[36]
  • Luis Carlos Galán, presidential candidate, killed by gunmen during a rally in Soacha in August 1989. The assassination was carried out on the same day the commander of the Antioquia police was gunned down by the cartel.[37]
  • Carlos Ernesto Valencia, Superior Judge, killed by gunmen shortly after indicting Escobar on the death of Guillermo Cano, in August 1989.[38]
  • Jorge Enrique Pulido, journalist, director of Jorge Enrique Pulido TV, killed by gunmen in Bogotá in November 1989.[39]
  • Diana Turbay, journalist, chief editor of the Hoy por Hoy magazine, killed during a rescue attempt in January 1991.[40]
  • Enrique Low Murtra, Minister of Justice, killed by gunmen in downtown Bogotá in May 1991.[41]
  • Myriam Rocio Velez, Superior Judge, killed by gunmen shortly before she was to sentence Escobar on the assassination of Galán, in September 1992.[42][43]

In 1993, shortly before Escobar's death, the cartel lieutenants were also targeted by the vigilante group Los Pepes (or PEPES, People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar).

With the assassination of Juan Diego Arcila Henao in 2007, most if not all of Escobar's lieutenants who were not in prison had been killed by the Colombian National Police Search Bloc (trained and assisted by U.S. Delta Force and CIA operatives), or by the Los Pepes vigilantes.[44][45]

DEA agents considered that their four-pronged "Kingpin Strategy", specifically targeting senior cartel figures, was a major contributing factor to the collapse of the organization.[46]

Legacy[edytuj | edytuj kod]

La Oficina de Envigado is believed to be a partial successor to the Medellín organization. It was founded by Don Berna as an enforcement wing for the Medellín Cartel. When Don Berna fell out with Escobar, La Oficina caused Escobar's rivals to oust Escobar. The organization then inherited the Medellín turf and its criminal connections in the US, Mexico, and the UK, and began to affiliate with the paramilitary United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, organising drug trafficking operations on their behalf.[47]

In popular culture[edytuj | edytuj kod]

The cartel is either featured or referenced in numerous works of popular culture.

See also[edytuj | edytuj kod]

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References[edytuj | edytuj kod]

  1. ↑ Szablon:Cite video
  2. ↑ Marc Chernick, The paramilitarization of the war in Colombia, wyd. 5, t. 31, NACLA Report on the Americas, 1998.
  3. ↑ Brittain, 2010: pp. 129–131
  4. ↑ Forrest Hylton, Evil Hour in Colombia, Verso, 2006, s. 68–69, ISBN 978-1-84467-551-7.
  5. ↑ a b c II. History of the Military-Paramilitary Partnership. 1996.
  6. ↑ Richani, 2002: p.38
  7. ↑ a b Hristov: Blood Capital. 2009, s. 65–68. ISBN 978-0-89680-267-4.
  8. ↑ Santina, Peter. Army of terror. . 21 (1), zima 1998–1999. 
  9. ↑ a b c Geoff Simons, Colombia: A Brutal History, Saqi Books, 2004, ISBN 978-0-86356-758-2.
  10. ↑ a b Pearce, Jenny (May 1, 1990). 1st. ed. Colombia:Inside the Labyrinth. London: Latin America Bureau. p. 247. ISBN 0-906156-44-0
  11. ↑ Who Is Israel's Yair Klein and What Was He Doing in Colombia and Sierra Leone? [online], 2000.
  12. ↑ Harvey F. Kline, State Building and Conflict Resolution in Colombia: 1986-1994, University of Alabama Press, 1999, s. 73–74.
  13. ↑ Sara Miller Llana, Medellín, once epicenter of Colombia's drug war, fights to keep the peace, „The Christian Science Monitor”, 2010.
  14. ↑ El Tiempo, Bogotá Abril 18, 2007
  15. ↑ Maruja Pachón, ex ministra de Educación [online], 2009.
  16. ↑ 'News Of A Kidnapping' A Hit In Iran After Opposition Leader's Recommendation [online], Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  17. ↑ Filmarán la novela 'Noticia de un secuestro' de Gabriel García Márquez [online], eltiempo.com.
  18. ↑ Gabriel Garca Mrquez - Noticia de un secuestro [online].
  19. ↑ News [online].
  20. ↑ Murió Juan David Ochoa, uno de los fundadores del cartel de Medellín [online], eltiempo.com.
  21. ↑ Marta Nieves Ochoa, hermana de Fabio Ochoa [online].
  22. ↑ 1981-Plagio de Martha Ochoa se creó el MAS [online], ElEspectador.
  23. ↑ M-19 cambió drogas por armas, El País, 2005 [zarchiwizowane z adresu].
  24. ↑ David McClintick, Lost in the Ashes, 1993, s. 268, 279.
  25. ↑ Un Grito por el Palacio, Cromos, 2005.
  26. ↑ Palacio de Justicia, 20 años de dolor, El País, 2005.
  27. ↑ M-19 cambió drogas por armas, El País, 2005.
  28. ↑ Penny Lernoux, The minister who had to die: Colombia's drug war, The Nation, 1984.
  29. ↑ Thirty Years of America's Drug War: A Chronology, PBS.
  30. ↑ High judge fighting drug traffic is slain in Colombia, 1986.
  31. ↑ The Murderous Cartel: Taking the Life of a Top Cop, Wichita Eagle, 1987.
  32. ↑ Mark A. Uhlig, As Colombian Terror Grows, The Press Becomes the Prey, 1989.
  33. ↑ Colombians Strike: Violence Spreads Death Toll Rises After Killing of Leftist Political Leader, 1987.
  34. ↑ Alan Riding, Colombians Grow Weary of Waging the War on Drugs, 1988.
  35. ↑ Colombian Governor Assassinated, 1989.
  36. ↑ Gang Murders Cop Who Fought Medellin Cartel, 1989.
  37. ↑ Douglas Farah, Colombian: Israeli Aided Assassins Candidate's Slaying Launched Drug War, 1990, A SECTION.
  38. ↑ Colombian Judge In Drug Case Killed, 1989.
  39. ↑ Soldiers Kill 8 Rebels, Wichita Eagle, 1989.
  40. ↑ Douglas Farah, Drug Cartel Kidnaps 3 Colombian Notables, 1990, A SECTION.
  41. ↑ David L. Marcus, Colombia professor's slaying shows drug war far from over, 1991.
  42. ↑ 3 Who Escaped With Colombia Drug Lord Give Up, 1992.
  43. ↑ Judge murdered - World - News, The Independent, 20 września 1992 [dostęp 2013-10-30].
  44. ↑ Uppsala Conflict Data Program, Conflict Encyclopedia.
  45. ↑ Colombia, non-state Conflict, Medellin Cartel - PEPES, Tiempo, Bogotá 1993.
  46. ↑ D. Streatfeild, Interview with DEA Agent #2 [online], Source, 2000.
  47. ↑ Toby Muse, New drug gang wars blow Colombian city's revival apart, „The Guardian”, Medellín 2012.

Further reading[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Szablon:Organized crime groups in New York City

Category:Disbanded Colombian drug cartels Category:Organized crime groups in Latin America Category:Terrorism in Colombia

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