Ropuchowate

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Ropuchowate
Bufonidae[1]
Gray, 1825
Okres istnienia: 57–0 mln lat temu
Ilustracja
Aga (Bufo marinus)
Systematyka
Domena eukarionty
Królestwo zwierzęta
Typ strunowce
Podtyp kręgowce
Gromada płazy
Rząd płazy bezogonowe
Podrząd Neobatrachia
Rodzina ropuchowate
Rodzaje
Zasięg występowania
Mapa występowania
Systematyka Systematyka w Wikispecies
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons
Wikisłownik Hasło w Wikisłowniku

Ropuchowate, ropuchy właściwe (Bufonidae) – rodzina płazów bezogonowych (Anura).

Są to zwierzęta o różnej wielkości ciała (do 25 cm). Charakterystycznymi cechami budowy ich ciała są: krępa, zwarta sylwetka, rozszerzona w odcinku tułowiowym, i krótkie kończyny tylne. W szczęce górnej i żuchwie brak zębów. W szkielecie brak żeber. Na skórze występują modzele. Język wąski, duży, nieprzyrośnięty z tyłu. Mają ucho środkowe i błony bębenkowe. Samce ropuch mają narządy Biddera. Ropuchy są mięsożerne.

W skórze ropuch występują gruczoły jadowe, będące biernym i jedynym właściwie ich sposobem obrony przed drapieżnikami, ropuchy bowiem to zwierzęta powolne i ociężałe, nie potrafią uciec drapieżnikom. Dzięki tym gruczołom jadowym można odróżnić je od żab. Szczególnie duże skupisko tych gruczołów występuje na głowie, nad oczami, tworząc tzw. gruczoły przyuszne.

Rodzaje[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Ropuchy to zwierzęta kosmopolityczne, jednak największa ich liczba żyje w krajach o ciepłym lub umiarkowanym klimacie. Do rodziny tej należy kilkaset gatunków klasyfikowanych w ponad 30 rodzajach[2]:

Rodzaj Liczba gatunków Uwagi
Adenomus Cope, 1861 3 endemit Sri Lanki
Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987 2 end. Etiopii
Amazophrynella Fouquet et al., 2012 7
Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845 22
Andinophryne Hoogmoed, 1985 3
Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 26
Atelopus Duméril & Bibron, 1841 96
Barbarophryne Beukema et al., 2013 1
Blythophryne Chandramouli et al., 2016 1
Bufo Laurenti, 1768 17
Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani, 1973 1: B. meghalayanus
Bufotes Rafinesque, 1814 14
Capensibufo Grandison, 1980 5
Churamiti Channing & Stanley, 2002 1: Ch. maridadi
Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1871 10
Didynamipus Andersson, 1903 1: D. sjostedti
Duttaphrynus Frost et al., 2006 29
Epidalea Cope, 1864 1: ropucha paskówka
Frostius Cannatella, 1986 2
Ghatophryne Biju et al., 2009 2
Incilius Cope, 1863 40
Ingerophrynus Frost et al., 2006 12
Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960 1: L. parkeri
Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843 2
Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 26
Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960 14
Metaphryniscus Señaris, Ayarzagüena & Gorzula, 1994 1: M. sosai
Nannophryne Günther, 1870 4
Nectophryne Buchholz & Peters, 1875 2
Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926 13
Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987 1
Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895 9
Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza & Hernández-Camacho, 1976 11
Parapelophryne Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2003 1: P. scalpta
Pedostibes Günther, 1876 2
Pelophryne Barbour, 1938 11
Peltophryne Fitzinger, 1843 12
Phrynoidis Fitzinger in Treitschke, 1842 2
Poyntonophrynus Frost et al., 2006 10
Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838 1: P. subasper
Rentapia Chan, Grismer, Zachariah, Brown & Abraham, 2016 3
Rhaebo Cope, 1862 10
Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 92
Sabahphrynus Matsui, Yambun i Sudin, 2007 1
Schismaderma Smith, 1849 1: ropucha czerwona
Sclerophrys Tschudi, 1838 45
Strauchbufo Fei, Ye i Jiang, 2012 1
Truebella Graybeal & Cannatella, 1995 2 end. Peru
Vandijkophrynus Frost et al., 2006 5
Werneria Poche, 1903 6
Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939 3
Xanthophryne Biju et al., 2009 2

W Polsce przedstawicielami tej rodziny są tylko trzy gatunki:

Systematyka[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Poniższy kladogram za Van Bocxlaer et al[3], zmodyfikowany przedstawia pokrewieństwo rodziny z innymi taksonami płazów.



Phyllobates vittatus



Epipedobates tricolor






Leptodactylus melanotus



Pleurodema bibroni






Acris crepitans



Hyla meridionalis




Trachycephalus venulosus





Ropuchowate


Poniższy kladogram za Van Bocxlaer et al[3], zmodyfikowany i uproszczony (pominięto pokrewieństwa pomiędzy gatunkami w obrębie rodzajów) prezentuje poglądy autora na pokrewieństwo pomiędzy kladami ropuchowatych.


Dendrophryniscus minutus




Nannophryne (N. coptotis, N. variegata)




Rhaebo (R. haematiticus, R. nasicus)





Anaxyrus (A. boreas, A. terrestris, A. americanus, A. californicus)



Incilius (I. alvarius, I. luetkenii)





Rhinella





Mertensophryne




Amietophrynus



„Bufo” mauritanicus






Werneria



Wolterstorffina





Barbarophryne brongersmai





Schismaderma carens




Nectophrynoides



Churamiti maridadi






Bufotes (B. viridis, B. cf. variabilis, B. cf. pewzowi, B. cf. surda)





Phrynoidis



„Pedostibes” hosii






Epidalea calamita



Bufo (B. andrewsi, B. gargarizans, B. spinosus, B. verrucosissimus, B. bufo)





Ingerophrynus



Leptophryne








Pelophryne



Ansonia (A. malayana, A. hanitschi, A. spinulifer, A. fuliginea, A. leptopus, A. longidigita)



Adenominae

„Ansonia” ornata




Pedostibes tuberculosus




Adenomus kelaartii


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Ochrona[edytuj | edytuj kod]

Ropuchy występujące w Polsce objęte są ścisłą ochroną.

Przypisy[edytuj | edytuj kod]

  1. ↑ Bufonidae, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. ↑ Darrel Frost and The American Museum of Natural History: Bufonidae Gray, 1825 (ang.). Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference. [dostęp 21 stycznia 2016].
  3. ↑ a b Ines Van Bocxlaer, SD Biju. Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. „BMC Evolutionary Biology”. 9. s. 131. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-131 (ang.). 

Bibliografia[edytuj | edytuj kod]

  • Włodzimierz Juszczyk: Płazy i gady krajowe. Warszawa: PWN, 1974.
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Rodziny płazów bezogonowych
Źródło: „https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ropuchowate&oldid=56234572”